Bilateral Trade Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bilateral Trade Agreements - Essay Example Bilateral trade agreements can also create political and economic ties between the parties, which in turn provide more stability" (Rodrguez). However, it provides loopholes wherein powerful nations can exploit the agreements to the disadvantage of the developing countries. One of the opposition to the free trade, such as the bilateral trade agreements is the "infant industry argument" (Mankiw). It is based on the belief that the industries of the developing nations might not be well equipped to compete against the giants of the more powerful nations. This then will lead to the death of the local industry. Bilateral trade agreements simply kill the local industries who have not exhibited economies of scale. In economics terms, the failure to achieve economies of scale on the part of the local industries, because they are relatively new will result to a less efficient production compared to those who are old in the industry and this will be manifested in the relatively high prices of the former (Robert S. Pindyck). This argument is validated by the study of Rodriguez. According to him trade agreements between nations with large economic level discrepancy can actually hurt the weakest party (Rodrguez). Moreover, he gave the following effects on the developing nations of trade agreements. Reciprocity and national treatment (the obligation whereby foreign goods, services and economic operators must receive the same treatment as local ones) oblige developing countries to implement broad liberalisation in market access in goods, services and government procurement, which may result in surges of imports; moreover, tariff elimination, besides depriving developing countries of revenues, removes powerful instruments of industrial and agricultural policy to protect their infant industries. Market access gains for developing nations may be limited if agricultural subsidies in rich nations are not reduced; restrictive rules of origin, technical barriers to trade (TBTs) such as quality standards and supply-side constraints also limit the possible gains from improved access to developed countries' markets. Reduction of policy space for developing countries; many of the issues included in the current North-South FTAs 'reduce or fully remove policy options and instruments available to a developing country to pursue its development objectives' (UNCTAD, 2007) Source: Rodrguez The United States is one of the countries who have been very active in pursuing bilateral trade talks against smaller nations. Some of these agreements are with Costa Rica, Chile and Singapore. "In the past two years, the US has initiated comprehensive free trade negotiations with 19 countries, a market representing an estimated US $2.5 trillion worth of opportunities to American business. Simultaneously, however, these agreements open the American market, exposing, in particular, US industries dependent on sweat labour that cannot compete with low labour costs in poorer countries around the world. The difference is that the US has the resources to diffuse the pain of the transition, amounting to support of US$1.8 billion in 2003, while developing

Windows Xp Architecture Vs. Mac Os X Architecture Essay examples -- In

Windows XP vs. Mac OS X Architecture When looking at the interface of the Mac OS X Operating System and the Microsoft Windows XP operating system many similarities can be seen. The most obvious is the use of blue in the interface. In the core of the systems they both have a micro kernel which addresses thread management, space management and other communications at the system level and is more resistant to attacks from a virus. Mac OS X is a powerful development platform; it supports multiple development technologies like UNIX, Java, Cocoa and Carbon. It also is host to many open source, web, scripting, database and development technologies. It was build around the integrated stack of graphics and media technologies such as QuickTime, Quartz, Core Image and Core Audio. Mac OS X is based on the Mach Kernel and the BSD implementation of UNIX which were originally incorporated into the NEXTSTEP operating system. Many aspects of the Mac OS X architecture are derived from OPENSTEP / NEXTSTEP which was designed to be an easy transition from one platform to another. At the core of this system is Darwin, an open source UNIX like operating system built around the XNU kernel with standard UNIX facilities available from a command line interface. Running on top of this core is several proprietary closed source software such as Aqua (the User Interface) and the Finder application. The Aqua interface is the graphical user interface, it uses soft edges, translucent colors, more color and texture to the windows and it controls most of the systems overall appearance. Apple made this decision during a time that most user interfaces were seen as dull and boring. The Finder is a subset of the user interface as it helps navigate through the s... ...p://www.apple.com/macosx/overview/advancedtechnology.html Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.). Mac OS X Developer Tools, Retrieved May 26th, 2006, from http://www.apple.com/macosx/developertools/ Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.). Getting started with Mac OS X, Retrieved May 27th, 2006, from http://developer.apple.com/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/GS_MacOSX/index.html Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.). Introduction to Mac OS X Technology, Retrieved May 27th, 2006, from http://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067 Munro, J. (n.d.). Windows XP Architecture, Retrieved May 25th, 2006, from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,16590,00.asp Microsoft Inc. (n.d.). Windows XP Technical Overview, Retrieved May 29th, 2006, from http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/evaluate/xptechov.mspx

The effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy, overweight and obese Saudi women

Research background As observed in European and North American communities, levels of obesity in the Saudi Arabian population are on the increase. The epidemic of obesity has been described as the fastest-growing public health challenge in a number of countries. The cost implications alone from the treatment of people with obesity have put a strain on the medical services. One such example is published in an American study in 2008, which showed that that$147 billion needs to be spent every year in America for the management of obesity and obesity related disease. This figure was double of what it was a decade ago. Obesity is a term used to indicate excessive deposition of fat in the body. As mentioned before, it is the most common nutritional disorder in developed countries, and is as well significantly rising in the developing countries such as Saudi Arabia. This can be evidenced from the data reported by the Saudi National Nutrition Survey published on WHO (Health Journal, 2007). Recent studies have found the insufficient level of vitamin D in obese people(Turner, et.al. 2013; Wortsman, et.al. 2000).Although the specific mechanism that results in this shortfall is not yet fully understood, but Turner, et.al. (2013) suggested that the deposition of vitamin D3 in body fat compartments results decreased bioavailability of vitaminD3 from cutaneous and dietary sources. In addition, it has been proposed that intestinal absorption of vitamin D is reduced in patients with obesity (Wortsman, et.al. 2000). Lack of absorption of vitamin D weakens the calcium metabolism in patients with obesity; this in turn, affects the function of the thyroid glands. Altered thyroid gland can no longer perform its physiological roles, one of which is to activate vitamin D in the body. Moreover, studies have reported low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in obese adults and are linked to increased body fat mass, suggesting the association between low circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and obesity. (Rock, et.al. 2012; Boqacka, et.al. 2011). Furthermore, it has also been reported that after absorption in the intestine, the storage of vitamin D occurs in adipose and muscle tissue, which then slowly releases into the blood stream. Defect in this storage system or pathway may result the deficiency of vitamin D and may have an impact in determining the level of body’s fat and adipose tissue (Salehpour, 2012). Hence, it is believed that the deficiency of vitamin D may induce obesity. Research aims Having reviewed the available literature in the subject, this research project is therefore aimed to: Investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy, overweight and obese women of Saudi Arabia Investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on body composition in overweight and obese women of Saudi Arabia These aims were targeted with the views to providing evidence regarding the association between vitamin D supplements and obesity. Saudi population were given the preference as the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, as well as of diabetes in Saudi Arabian population is very high (Ardawi, et.al.2012). Research methods Female population between the ages of 18 and 50 will be studied. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 2 groups will be randomly given a vitamin D3 supplement or a placebo (control group) for 12 weeks. Comparison of the levels of vitamin D3 in three different groups of people, healthy, overweight and obese will be done with an aim to measure its implication in these people.After this, analysis will be done measuring different factors that are associated with obesity. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Old, healthy, overweight and obese Saudi women participants with BMI ?25 kg/ and ages between 18-50 years will be included for the study. Healthy participants will be free from metabolic bone disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, renal disease and will not be on anymedication, or vitamin supplements. , pregnant or lactating women will be excluded from the study. In addition, individuals with changes in body weight more than 3 kg within last three months prior to the experiment will also be excluded from the study. Finally, the participants who follow the weight-loss programs or are taking weight loss drugs and smoking will be excluded from the study. Research intentions To address the aims, this study is based upon the following research intentions. These will betested in the laboratory. Assessment of body fat mass and fat free mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and end of study Assessment of energy and nutrient intakes by 24h food recall and validated food frequency questionnaires, which will then be analyzed for nutrient intake Analysis of blood serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone at baseline and end of study Measurement of vitamin D level in the participants’ blood to determine the fluctuation in its level and its affect. Measurement of vitamin D levels of obese and healthy weight participants to establish the difference in the level of vitamin D in these two groups of people. Measurement of vitamin D post digestion to determine the amount of ingested vitamin D to show their fluctuationsbefore and after ingestion in the participants of different groups. To conclude, the main aim of this study will be to investigate the effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy, overweight and obese Saudi women. The association between vitamin D deficiency and obesity is well established. Obesity still remains one of major health challenges. Despite of intense research, the exact cause of obesity still remains obscure. Both genetic and environmental factors have been reported to be associated with obesity, but none of them completely illustrate the mechanism behind it. But recently, the link between vitamin D3 and obesity has gained some interest. Since obesity is associated with many pathological conditions including cancer and cardiovascular disease, unraveling the potent cause and mechanism of obesity will provide insights into the development of promising therapeutics for obesity and obesity related diseases. Also, in the future, References Alqurashi Khalid A, Aljabri Khalid S, BokhariSamia A. (2011) Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med.;31:19–23. Ardawi MS, Sibiany AM, Bakhsh TM, Qari MH, Maimani AA. (2012) ‘High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy Saudi Arabian men: relationship to bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and lifestyle factors’ Osteoporos Int. 23(2):675-86. El Mouzan MI, Al Herbish AS, Al Salloum AA, Al Omar AA, Qurachi MM (2012) ‘Regional variation in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents.’ Saudi J Gastroenterol, 18(2):129-32. Rock, CL, et.al.(2012). Obesity. Weight loss is associated with increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight or obese women. 20(11), 2296-2301. Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, Hoshiarrad A, Gohari M. A (2012) ‘12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D? supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women.’ Nutr J. 22;11:78 Turer, CD, Lin, H and Flores, G. (2013).Pediatrics. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among overweight and obese US children. 131(1), 152-161. Wortsman, J, et.al. (2000). American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. 72(3), 690-693.

Essay about Billy Liar - 1025 Words

Billy Liar The play Billy Liar was first produced in London on 13th September 1960. Originally a novel, it was adapted by Willis Hall and Keith Waterhouse for performance. Billy the main character in the performance lives in a lower middle class family and is subconsciously trapped by their social class. Billy is an imaginative youth who indulges in daydreams and escapism, but cannot fulfil his fantasies due to the restriction of his social culture. In modern society Billy would have been more likely to fulfil his dreams as generally family and social restrictions have changed since the 1960s and movement away from the family unit is more accepted. In the play Billy has the†¦show more content†¦To close the argument Billy offers Florence a cup of tea. Up to this part in the film the family argued without listening to each others point of view. Billy continues to say Sitting in a coffee-bar. Espresso. This shows that Billys escapism leads him into the future but Florence also daydreams about the past. In some ways the playwright bridges the differences by making these characters dreamers. The quote shows that Billy knows how he wants people to see him and the way he lives. Florence also values the importance of how other people view him when she says He shouldnt go to the door dressed like that. Billy is also restricted by his conflicting values with his parents. His mother for example values peace when she says Im not saying anything. Im keeping out of it. This could also indicate bluntness with her son and show that she does not listen to what he has to say. This is another barrier that faces Billy. It is obvious that Billy lacks respect for his mother possibly because of her bluntness with him. Billy also sees his mother as a person who is easily manipulated. From the stage directions in the script we know that Alice is always busy which she sees as an attribute, this contrasts with Billys lazy attitude because he stays in bed late. Alice has a narrow-minded opinion of what Billy should do and states her opinion. Billy considers herShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Comparison between Billy Liar and Shirley Valentine984 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison between Billy Liar and Shirley Valentine I have just been studying Billy Liar and performing it as part of my mock scripted drama GCSE, and have been asked to compare this theatre script to the film script of Shirley Valentine. I have already given the first difference between these two scripts; one is a theatre script and the other is designed specifically for the big screen. Billy Liar was originally a novel written by Keith Waterhouse, who with the help of Willis Hall madeRead MoreThe Appeal And Effect Of Fantasy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagessymposium paper will discuss one of the most distinctive features of Keith Waterhouse’s narrative: the appeal and effect of fantasy, in juxtaposition with provincial realism. In the context of ‘angry young men’ writers of the mid to late 1950’s. ‘Billy Liar’ written by Keith Waterhouse was published in 1959. Waterhouse’s work was associated with a group of novelists and dramatists such as John Braine, Alan Sillitoe and Stan Barstow who were referenced as angry young men’. Notably, the writers wereRead MoreThe Differences in Attitudes of Billy and Geoffrey in Billy Liar by Keith Waterhouse2065 Words   |  9 PagesThe Differences in Attitudes of Billy and Geoffrey in Billy Liar by Keith Waterhouse Billy Liar was originally a novel written by Keith Waterhouse. In the late fifties/early sixties, Waterhouse collaborated with Willis Hall to turn the novel into a play. It is about a boy called Billy Fisher, his life, relationships, attitudes and lies. The story takes place on one Saturday in the Fisher household. During the late 1950s, teenagers were gaining more responsibility. Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Billy 1604 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I don’t get it,† Billy said, scrunching up his eyebrows and squinting his eyes. He looked about as pensive as a ten year old could, leaning forward as he sat on the blue trunk of the Honda. The brick school building off in the distance held his gaze as it blocked his view of the sun fading into the horizon. â€Å"Billy, I told you,† Cole said, eyes closed with his head resting on the back window next to his younger brother. â€Å"I can’t take you with me.† â€Å"But I thought you wereRead MoreShattered Glass Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesShattered Glass by Billy Ray Have you ever wondered how it would feel to lose your career? Shattered Glass is a true story of a young journalist who fell from grace when it was found he had fabricated over half of his articles. He was a staff writer at The New Republic for three years who rose to meteoric heights as a young writer in Washington, D.C. Looking for a short cut to fame, Glass combined sources, quotes, and even entire stories. He did everything in his power to make sure that everyoneRead MoreWitness for the Prosecution895 Words   |  4 PagesThe mystery, â€Å"Witness for the Prosecution†, was produced in 1957 by Arthur Hornblow, Jr. and directed by Billy Wilder. The two lead male actors were Tyrone Power as Leonard Vole and Charles Laughton as Sir Wilfrid Robarts. The lead female actor was Marlene Dietrich as Christine Helm. â€Å"Witness for the Prosecution† superbly demonstrated a realist view of the operating procedures in a courtroom. The actors within the courtroom were easy to identify, and the steps transitioned smoothly from the arrestRead MoreComplicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman Melville2376 Words   |  10 PagesComplicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman Melville Donald Yannella, author of New Essays on Billy Budd, says that â€Å"at the heart lies an obsession with justice, as is exhibited in Herman Melville’s classics, Moby Dick and Billy Budd, Sailor. Herman Melville was an American author born on August 1, 1819 in New York, New York. The author wrote many books and penned poetry in his later years. Best known for his novel Moby Dick, Melville was not regarded as one of America’s greatestRead MoreChris s View On Society1402 Words   |  6 Pagesviewed as a corrupt and materialistic society. Chris believed that the society he was living in was corrupt and materialistic because his viewpoint was distorted by his parent’s actions and influences throughout his childhood. To Chis, his parents were liars, they were more concerned with appearances and always flaunted their money and Chris hated it. Chris wanted to escape from his life and parents society and follow his own beliefs and live alone in the wild. Chris changed h is name to Alex and headedRead MoreAmusing Ourselves For Death : Public Discourse On The Age Of Show Business, By Neil Postman1495 Words   |  6 Pagescommercials have taken away the seriousness of what the news should be portraying and taking away the reality of the news. Postman brings up Ronald Regan and his scandal known throughout the nation. He makes the idea that Regan was not a liar but only that we looked like a liar, explaining how it is dangerous in the society because society seems to be convinced by what they see. In the eighth chapter, Neil Postman targets religion. He proves that religion has to change to become televisable. He means toRead MoreMovie Review : Shattered Glass1745 Words   |  7 Pagesthis film includes individuals that are interested in psychology. I believe that this film gave an accurate representation of how sociopaths may act in everyday life. Therefore, the film exposes and helps the audience become aware of pathological liars. Likewise, individuals interested in journalism may watch this movie as it greatly emphasizes the significance of fact checking and morality required in this fieldwork. B. Relevance to coursework 1. How does this film relate to what you are learning