World Government and Environmental Conservation

The current environmental matters feature a variety of players including governments, private lobbyists, and international organizations. Various countries are experiencing conflicts in their policy formulation where national environmental policies appear to be on a collision course with international standards.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Government and Environmental Conservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The national interests of industrial countries such as Japan, China, and the United States have always served as a hindrance to international agreements on environmental policies (Black 2012). Observers have noted that the emergence of new economic powerhouses has also affected the institution of environmental regulation. Nevertheless, the main concern when it comes to environmental policies revolves around the need to institute regulations that apply to the entire world. Consequently, some obs ervers have argued that the success of environmental regulation lies in the world’s ability to institute policies that have legal ramifications for all countries. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that the problems that apply to environmental regulation are not restricted to the contemporary international system. The achievement of a world government would have far-reaching effects on environmental regulation but it is not clear whether it would solve the current problems. Effective environmental regulation requires a major step towards attaining a world government because this move would harmonize various internal and external factors. Globalization has been cited as one of the determining factors of environmental regulation. However, this phenomenon has had limited effects on the current patterns of environmental regulation. For instance, most of the recent environmental proclamations have been modeled around the concept of globalization. However, none of these pro clamations has had any significant effect on global environmental regulation. The Kyoto Protocol was hailed as one of the most significant environmental regulation proclamations in the globalized world. Nevertheless, this agreement has failed to achieve its fundamental goals. For instance, the Kyoto Protocol was modeled to work on the ‘good faith’ of the participating countries.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of a world government means that most countries are within their rights when they put their national interests ahead of international environmental commitments (Armstrong Lambert 2012). A world government would solve this problem because the international commitments of various countries would be at par with national interests. The auxiliary authorities that feature in environmental regulation matters are subject to a number of national and interna tional regulatory frameworks that might be in conflict with each other. However, state authorities often have the most significant effects on environmental regulation bodies because they are backed by legal frameworks. Consequently, most of the non-governmental organizations that are seeking to pursue international environmental policies are forced to slow down when they encounter legal roadblocks on the national level (Dryzek 2012). In addition, some nationalistic endeavors such as those of the United States and the European Union might overshadow the interests of the international systems. Movement towards a world government would eliminate the differences that feature where big national players are involved. This problem is often manifested during international environmental regulation summits where the opposition of some countries towards certain policies can derail the efforts of the entire world. For example, during the United Nations (UN) climate change talks in Cancun  "delegates cheered speeches from governments that had caused the most frictions during negotiations including Japan, China, and the United States† (Khor 2011). Consequently, it is clear that without a world government, international policies will be at the mercy of a few major nations. A world government would introduce equality in the actions of various countries whether they are small or big. Some developed countries are faced with the dilemma of safeguarding the interests of their industrial economies as opposed to global environmental needs. On other occasions, industrial economies have felt burdened by developing countries where the reversal of climate change is concerned and vice versa. A world economy would merge both the interests of the developed, developing, and under-developed countries in a fair manner. International systems often serve hidden interests of the leading world economies whilst neglecting the needs of the smaller countries.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on World Government and Environmental Conservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The global civil society that is charged with promoting non-partisan environmental conservation efforts is set to benefit from a world government. A world government would empower the civil societies of various countries in respect to environmental conservation efforts. On the other hand, the environmental-centered civil societies would benefit from working in a ‘borderless’ environment where most conservation interests are uniform. The current trends indicate that civil societies are the only organizations that are accomplishing their goals in respect to global environmental conservation efforts (French 2000). A world government remains to be the most viable solution to global environmental problems. On the other hand, international systems have proved that they cannot live up to expectations when it comes to envir onmental conservation. In the current globalization atmosphere, the other logical step towards environmental conservation efforts is a world government. Without a world government, the interests of the ‘big’ countries will continue to dominate global environmental matters at the expense of the majority ‘small’ countries. Furthermore, civil societies would be more productive in a world government as opposed to an environment that operates under international systems. References Armstrong, D Lambert, H 2012, International law and international relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Black, R 2012, Climate ship plots course through the battering waves, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17972206. Dryzek, J 2012, The politics of the earth: Environmental discourses, Oxford University Press, Oxford.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More French, H 2000, â€Å"Vanishing borders: protecting the planet in the age of globalization†, Environmental Conservation, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 86-94. Khor, M 2011, How the Cancun conference failed to save the climate, http://www.i-sis.org.uk/cancunConferenceFailed.php. This essay on World Government and Environmental Conservation was written and submitted by user Cayden Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aliso Creek

Aliso Creek Aliso Creek Since the first orange groves were established on Aliso Creek it has been chronically polluted with dangerous contaminants. The Creek runs westbound from the Santa Ana Mountains in South Orange County to the Pacific Ocean where it empties its contents at Aliso Creek State Beach in Laguna Beach. The pollution has escalated with the rapid urban development along the creek and its many tributaries.These pollutants have caused much harm to beachgoers, marine and aquatic life, and to the tourism industry of the communities that stretch the coastline. In the summers of 1999 and 2000, a half mile of Hunnington Beach, which lies North of Laguna Beach, was closed due to dangerously high bacteria counts in the water. The beach closure crippled the tourism of the fabled ?Surf City?. Similar problems are destined for Laguna Beach and the other communities near these river mouths. Beach closures are a common occurance in Laguna Beach and Dana Point to the South.English: Aerial shot of the mouth of Aliso Creek

The Intellectual and Institutional Development of Globalization Research Paper

The Intellectual and Institutional Development of Globalization - Research Paper Example The states now share center stage with international entities like the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization. Treaties among states create these international organizations. The WTO, World Bank, and the IMF have been main players in the formation and managing of the modern world economy. These financial institutions have become major targets of the anti-globalization bodies. They are resented and are seen as imposing Western capitalism on unstable states without monitoring the social impacts of their activities (Zweifel, 2006). There are concerns among many countries over their economic sovereignty. Sovereignty is defined as the complete and exclusive control of all people and property within a territory. Key aspects of power, be it political, ideological or economic must be focused within the nation-state. Globalization has challenged the pre-eminence of nation-state, the mounting presence, and increasing responsibilities of non-nation-state actors in overall governance. Economic power becomes decoupled from the nation-state and is, therefore, essential in the progress of 21st century universal control. Global organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Bank, and International Monetary Fund were developed to promote post-war reconstruction and economic development. Economically stable governments and corporations advocate for neoliberal policies and free-market solutions of international trade and debt-based finance. These are considered as the routes to poverty cutback support the functions of these organizations. Within the aggressive universal framework, third world nations are left with little choice other than to conform to the pre-set neoliberal program. Consequently, these states are often left with a weak economy and mounting debt. According to Peet (2003), the aim of International Monetary Fund (IMF) is to guard international fiscal stability, particularly by keeping a cap on inflation. This is achie ved through pressuring countries to limit public spending. Furthermore, it maintains fiscal stability by making disbursements to nations with balance of payment issues, stimulates growth and employment. Such countries are granted loans and credits to settle their debts and readjust the adopted economic policies so that they are not exposed to further financial crises in the future. Each year, the IMF sends economists to each of its member countries to assess individual nation’s economic condition. The economists examine macroeconomic conditions, exchange rate, monetary and fiscal policies, and other related policies, such as trade policy, labor policy, and social policy. The aim of this research is to give an external check on state’s fiscal decisions that might have an impact on the global economic system. WTO was formed in 1995 and acted as a forum for negotiating international trade agreements. Additionally, the organization aims to lower tariffs and non-tariffs bar riers in order to increase international trade. The World Bank original mandate is to provide long-term loans for reconstruction and fund multimillion-dollar infrastructure projects in developing countries. The loans are given in phases to make sure that the borrowing nations move forward with the development reforms. Loans are settled for long periods depending on the nature of the

Negative Economic Factors on Hotel Glorious Case Study

Negative Economic Factors on Hotel Glorious - Case Study Example The effects of economic recession on businesses are in most cases negative. Consumers tend to reduce the level of expenditure. This directly impacts on the demand for the product or services of the firm. To counter this trend, the firm might decide to lower prices as a strategy to attract more customers. The result is the reduction of profit margins or sometimes the firm can record a loss. In a recession, most employees are forced to take pay cuts or sometimes lose their employment. The impact of this is that most people will find an alternative or additional work to bridge the deficit. In an attempt to do this more time is spent generating the income with less time to engage in leisure (Tribe 2007, pp 67). The only expenditures that will not be greatly affected are those that deal directly with the basic needs. Due to this fact, the leisure industry is likely to be negatively affected by the recession. The possibility of growth in the wake of a recession is very minimal. This is occ asioned by the sustained decline in demand. In the case of the Glorious hotel, economic recession would provide an oblique future in the development. The possible reaction of this hotel to a global recession would be minimal as compared to the large reputable hotels in the leisure business. First, the hotel is run by the family. This implies that the motivation of the labor force to achieve the objective of profitability will not be affected to a greater percentage. The hotel can see the significant reduction in productivity at lower employees but the general level of service remains constant due to family management.

Inventory management in The Tate and Lyle Sugar Company Essay

Inventory management in The Tate and Lyle Sugar Company - Essay Example There are also inventories for goods that are yet to be completely processed or semi-finished goods by different departments of the firm. In addition, Tate and Lyle hold finished good inventories at distribution centers, plant sites and stores to avoid process stoppages. The other important components of inventory for Tate and Lyle are raw materials and finished goods in transit in different locations, away from the firm’s premises. However, whether these inventories are under the jurisdiction of Tate and Lyle depends on the ownership of an inventory at a given time. That is, Tate and Lyle or its dealers/partners may own a finished goods inventory before it reaches the market and end consumers. The other type of inventory important for Tate and Lyle is a spare part inventory, for spare parts used in servicing its sugar production processes. Generally, Tate and Lyle categorises its inventories based on their functions as input, process and output inventories. Under its input in ventories are raw materials, consumables for processing such as fuel, stationary, bolts, and nuts. Others are maintenance items/consumables, packing materials and local purchased items required for production (Twede, 2005). Among process inventories are semi finished production in various stages in different departments such as production, marketing, quality assurance, packing and packaging. In addition, production wastes and scrap, rejections and defectives also form part of the firm’s process inventories (Napolitano, 2003). Tate and Lyle’s output inventories cover finished goods, finished goods in transit, spare parts stocks and bought out items, repaired stock and parts, finished goods with dealers, defectives, rejects and sales returns, sales promotion and sample... This paper aims to establish the economic reasons, for which manufacturing and production firms such as Tate and Lyle and Silvertown still use various types of warehouses, despite the assertion by many theorists that inventory holding is a practice that should be minimised. it is imperative that every business ensures that its inventory is performing optimally at all times, cognizant of the fact that such practices ensure it avoids over or under inventory, which would affect the financial standings of any firm. Because inventory is a dynamic business aspect, it is essential that firms constantly evaluate, monitor, review and plan the internal and external factors of inventory management. In many businesses, inventory management functions are assigned to separate and specific departments made up of personnel competent in inventory control, monitoring, and reviewing inventories. Importantly inventory departments ensure healthy relationship and interface between inventory and procurement, production and finance departments For processing firms such as Tate and Lyle Sugar Company, Inventories refer to all the physical stock that is idle but has economic value. These stocks may be in various forms waiting processing, packing, transformation, use or future sale Inventory management and practices are thus necessary for Tate and Lyle, which is involved in sugar production, trading, sale and service of products. Tate and Lyle hold inventories for speculative purposes, functional purposes and for physical necessities.

Bill Langstons Research into Parkinsons Disease

Bill Langstons Research into Parkinsons Disease The Case of the Frozen Addicts Is Parkinsons disease a genetic disease like Huntingtons disease, or is it caused by something in the environment? By the 1980s, scientists had concluded that the disease does not seem to be genetic with their concordance studies on identical and fraternal twins. But they had searched in vain for a credible environmental cause. Then in 1985, a bizarre drug tragedy tilted the odds in favor of an environment cause and gave scientists a powerful new weapon to fight against the disease. In the summer of 1985, Jon Palfreman, the author of the book Brain Storms, was investigating reports of some drug addicts who had mysteriously been afflicted with Parkinsons. The saga had started in July 1982 at the San Jose Country Jail, where a 42-year-old drug addict woke up and found himself to be frozen, not able to walk or talk. He was transferred to the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center and examined by Bill Langston, the 39-year-old head of neurology. Langston determined that his disease was neurological ant put him in the hospitals neurobehavior unit. For several days, George lay there, immobile. Then one day, one doctor in the unit noticed that George moved his fingers as if trying to write something. So they gave him a pencil and a notepad. After several hours, George had written five to six sentences. Through the process of questions and answers, Langston found out that George was taking heroin, and that he had a girlfriend with him before he got sick. When they tracked down this woman, they found she was also rigid, like a wax doll. Over the next few days, Langston heard about four other mysterious frozen cases in the surrounding area. Langston could think of only one factor connecting all six young people drugs. They all had a history of drug abuse. The police had found heroin in their apartments. Thinking drugs might be the answer, Langston procured some of the heroin powder from the police and sent it off for analysis. It turned out that the heroin was a designer drug synthesized from chemicals in an underground lab. Langston was struck by the similarity of their symptoms to advanced Parkinsons disease. He treated them with large doses of carbidopa-levodopa. The effect was dramatic they could move and talk. But within days, they all developed severe drug-induced motor complications. While the procedure helped, it didnt reverse their neurological damage. They grew old before their time. By 2015, all but two had passed away. Langston realized that some toxin in the heroin had passed into the addicts brains and destroyed the area of the substantia nigra which makes dopamine. Identifying this toxic might lead to the discovery of the environmental cause for Parkinsons disease. A vital clue came from a report of a similar case in the 1976. A college student named Barry Kidston was trying to make a compound called 1-methyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine, or MPPP. When injected intravenously, the chemical would give a heroin-like-high. For months, Barry successfully made MPPP and used it intravenously. One day, however, he hurried a batch, and soon after injecting it into his arm, he knew something had gone wrong. Within three days, he froze up, became immobile, and could not talk. He was referred to the NIH, where it was determined that he had produced a compound call 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, or MPTP. Armed with this information, Langston and his colleagues could prove that MPTP was the toxin in the heroin taken by the six addicts. This compound MPTP was a powerful new research tool. It could cause Parkinsons in monkeys and in humans. For the first time, Parkinsons researchers had an effective animal model of the disease. Rather than working on humans, they could study Parkinsons experimentally on monkeys, explaining disease mechanisms and testing new treatments. *** In the 1980s, many scientists were hard at work trying to figure out how the brains neuron networks work. The best known of these researchers was Mahlon DeLong based at Emory University in Atlanta. Working with healthy monkeys and monkeys with Parkinsons disease induced by the neurotoxin MPTP, DeLong found out two key nodes in the neuron network the globas pallidus and the substhalamic nucleus were much more active in parkinsonian monkeys. DeLongs hypothesis was that a loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra had caused downstream nodes in the circuit to become overexcited. The resulting output signal over-inhibits the thalamus which under-excites the motor cortex, producing the classic parkinsonian inhibition of movement. To test the hypothesis, DeLong removed the subthalamic nucleus, the presumed source of the abnormal activity, to see if that would change the moneyss Parkinsons. The effect was dramatic there was an immediate reversal of slowness, rigidity, and tremor.

Evaluate proposals for reducing environmental air pollution by energy E

Evaluate proposals for reducing environmental air pollution by energy taxation and emissions trading. Pollution is created as a by-product of output in most industries. It can be described as an external cost to the economy as its existence causes a loss of welfare to the population as a whole, and, in a free market, this loss of welfare will generally go uncompensated. However, that does not mean that the optimal level of pollution is zero, contrary to the environmentalist presumption, as this would mean that economic activity would have to be zero and this is illogical. Therefore, an optimal level of pollution and corresponding economic activity has to be found. According to the Pareto efficient, the ideal allocation of resources occurs when nobody can be made better off without making someone else worse off. In the case of pollution production, this can also be defined as the point of production where the marginal net private benefit (MNPB) of the polluter is equal to the marginal external cost (MEC) as a whole, as shown on diagram 1, at the level of economic activity Q*. The polluter’s total net private benefit from production is illustrated on diagram 1 as the area below the MNPB curve and total external cost is the area below the MEC curve. Using this analysis, we can see that ‘A’ is the largest area of net benefit available, thus confirming that Q* is the optimal level of activity. However, without regulation in this market it is likely the polluter will continue to operate at Q to maximize their own private benefits, although this will create an unacceptable level of external costs. Therefore, the government faces several policy choices in order to regulate pollution and keep it at an optimal l... ...mits are also effective in lowering emissions, but only if they are auctioned off and tradable in the market. If there is grandfathering (giving permits only to established firms in the industry) or output based allocation present then this would incur a greater cost to the economy than auctioning off permits, thus increasing the optimum level of emissions. Bibliography * Banzhaf, Burtraw & Palmer, Capping Emissions: Where Efficiency and Public Interest Intersect, Public Utilities fortnightly, 1st Dec 2002 * Pearce & Turner, Economics of natural resources and the environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990 * Pindyick & Rubinfeld, Microeconomics – 2nd edition, Macmillan, 1992 * Parry. I, Are Tradable Emissions Permits a Good Idea? Resources for the future Issue Brief 02-33 * DTI, Energy White Paper, TSO, Feb 2003 * www.defra.gov.uk

Analysis Of Arthur Miller’s Death Of A Salesman Essay

This American drama was first premiered in 1949. It was an instant success and it also won Arthur Miller a place among one of the best American playwrights of the 20th century. It was a satirical attack on the Great American Dream of prosperity and material wealth and had also challenged the ideals of the past 160 years that constituted such dreams. This exemplary play by Arthur Miller is a modern masterpiece, in which the inherent conditions of human existence and a fierce battle to fight through it, is lived by the protagonist Willy Loman, that finally ends in a tragedy called, death. Willy Loman is a disillusioned sixty three year old man who has trouble distinguishing between past and present, and reality and illusions. His illusory beliefs draw an iron curtain before his sensibilities and he refuses to see the reality of his abject conditions. His tragedy lies in the fierce determination to fight an impossible battle and to seek facile solutions to his severe economic problems. In his relentless pursuit of an unrealistic dream Willy Loman submerges himself in a complete disengagement from reality that brings an end even more tragic than his life. Being an irrepressible old man he never really evaluates or understands the false and incomplete values of a venal American society. He fails to understand the vacuous idea behind the ‘Great American Dream’ and his limitless hope. A similar theme had been portrayed in ‘The Great Gatsby’ (Fitzgerald) where Gatsby was corrupted by money and dishonesty, and the Great American Dream of happiness and individualism disintegrates into mere pursuit of wealth. Although Gatsby had the power to turn his dream into reality, the character of Nick discovers that both Gatsby’s dream and the American dream is over. In the same way, Will’s persistent struggle against the forces of entropy in his life leads him to neurosis, and finally suicide. Theater is an imagined world, inhabited by imaginary characters, but tragedy strikes one and all, and the nature of tragedy is to hit our deepest consciousness and invade our sensibilities with its prolonged stay. Robert A Martin says in his essay, â€Å"The Nature of Tragedy†: â€Å"What the performance of a play gives an audience is less a set of ideas, propositions or abstraction about life and how to live it than what Arthur Miller has called ‘ a felt experience’, the imaginative sharing and participation in the lives and actions of imaginary characters. † In support of what Robert A Martin says, Willy Loman’s character pulls the audience along with its chain of tragedies and leaves one with a feeling of acute distress, but more than â€Å"a felt experience† it also gives one an insight into the inherent realities of human tragedies. In â€Å"Death of a salesman† the audience watch the tragic collapse of a single individual and the tragedy of the entire family, right before their eyes. The audience leave the auditorium with a whole new set of lessons in life and as Martin says â€Å"how to live it. † In his article Robert A Martin also elaborates on the vicarious influences of a tragedy, on the person, who watching it with a detached sense of belongingness. He says, â€Å" Theatre is the art of the possible† and as we read the play we believe that Willy Loman’s tragedies are not unbelievable or fictitious although his character was an imagination of the playwright Arthur Miller. As Aristotle said that Tragedy is something that evokes the emotions of pity and fear in the presence of an action of a certain magnitude. Willy Loman also falls into the trap of tragedy and as the nature of tragedy is, it brings about a fear in him. Willy tries to run away from that fear and refuses to accept his misfortunes and his failures. It mostly happens with dramatic experiences that our thoughts and emotions often correspond with those of the characters we watch in a play –we weep, smile and get moved by their performances. It continues to stimulate and engage us directly in our social, moral and political questions. The audience too goes through an inveterate interchange of pity and fear inside his mind as he watches a human being go through a painful hell, which is in Miller’s view due to his own obduracy. â€Å"Death of a salesman† is not just a tale of tragedy that happens to a broken, exhausted man, but is also a caustic attack on the American Dream of achieving wealth and success with no regards to principals and values of life. Willy Loman became a household name after the play was released and became a profound example of a tragic life, bowed down by struggles to cope up with a capitalistic society. Willy Loman’s tragedy does not lie just in his miserable economic condition, but also in his misplaced sense of pride. In the play he takes loans from his neighbor Charley to make both ends meet, but refuses to accept the offer of a better job from him. His warped sense of pride comes in the way of his chances to improve his conditions. His refusal to accept reality is a tragedy bigger than his dismal life, and it exasperates his son Biff with whom he had a troubled relationship. Willy refused to accept that his sons are also ‘failures’ such as him, and in order to make their lives better he falls into a trap of further hopelessness. A man’s descent to failure is horrendous to contemplate. Whatever line of work you are in, we are all salesmen, selling our products, our services, our selves†. Says Will’s meighbor Charley , in a line that crystallizes the anxiety of uncountable men everywhere, not just in America: â€Å" And when they start not smiling back. † –employers, partners, customers- â€Å" That’s an earthqauke. † ( Kilnghoffer, Undying Salesman, 1999). Willy Loman suffered from a feverish and unrealistic hopefulness and guilt of having failed his sons, and also the refusal to accept certain facts of life. The neurosis that set in him affected his life, and also him led to suicide. His death was perhaps a bigger tragedy than his life because it proved to be the final blow to the grief stricken family. Due to his persistent stubbornness he believed the notion that one is often â€Å"worth more dead than alive† (Miller, Pg76) and commits suicide, so that his family gets the insurance money and his sons lead a better life with that money, than he did when he was alive. Willy did not realize that insurance money is invalidated when a person commits suicide. As Biff says at the graveyard, â€Å" He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong. † In this play tragedy is on two fronts. One is ‘literal’, when Willy dies after an unrelenting wrestle with his fate, and another is a ‘symbolical’ death, that was the death of the American Dream, or ridding of a false notion of perfection. Willy’s guilt, his idolization of his sons and his constantly haunting memory of his brother turns his life into a pitiful tragedy and he lives through it all with an immature sense of unreality. In trying to project himself as an ideal father and salesman he plunges himself into an illusory world where he never really grew up. â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have- to come out number –one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him. † (Miller, Death of a Salesman, Act2) The misfortune of Willy was that he tried to retrieve his lost dignity and his family’s love and also a magnified image of himself as an ideal salesman and father, on the last day of his life, and loses all. His complete disengagement from reality is what the tragedy is all about. It evokes the pity and fear that Aristotle spoke about in ‘Poetics’ (330 BC). The character of Willy Loman is befitting the concepts of Aristotle’s’ Tragedy. â€Å"True to life† (realistic), â€Å"consistency† (true to themselves): meaning, once a character’s motivation and personality are established these should continue throughout the play. â€Å"Necessary or probable†: meaning, characters must be logically constructed according to the law of ‘probability or necessity’ that govern the actions of the play. Finally, â€Å"true to life† and yet more beautiful (idealized, ennobled). Death of a Salesman has that true to life aspect, depicting the fact that any middle class man with limited means, would get into the delusionary world of dreams and aspirations of more wealth and the terrifying darkness that lies coiled beneath such unrealism. Consistency of the portrayal is apparent in Loman’s relentless pursuit of an elusive life. The necessary probability is the fact that such a dogged belief in illusionary world nearly always creates a graph of downward slide in a person’s life. True to life, is the condition of tension that is life and human existence. Death of a Salesman is a modern masterpiece that celebrates, as Chris Bigsby expressively states, â€Å" the miracle of human life, in all its bewilderments, its betrayals, its denials, but finally and most significantly, its transcendent worth. † (Poet, 723).

Subliminal Recording Essays

Subliminal Recording Essays Subliminal Recording Essay Subliminal Recording Essay This essay is about the use of subliminal voice messages to improve the work of the employees in a company. The subliminal voice messages are the ultrasound voice messages, which cannot be heard, but are understood by the brain. It is believed now, that these can improve the efficiency, productivity, loyalty and enthusiasm of work place employees. The following paper is an attempt to prove this fact. Subliminal Recording Background: For the first time, the subliminal messages came into notice, when E. W. Scripture described the basic principles of the subliminal messages, in his book ‘The New Psychology’, published in 1898. Then, in 1900, an American professor of psychology, Knight Dunlap practically experienced it by flashing a shadow to the students while showing them an illusion, containing two lines, with the pointed arrows at both the ends, thus giving an impression of different lengths. He believed that this shadow had influenced his students subliminally in the perception of the lengths of the lines. The subliminal recording first got attention shortly after the discovery by Freud that all human beings possess a hidden, unconscious mind. Following this discovery, another scientist, named Dr. O. Poetzle, started research on the effect of subliminal stimulation on dream content. His efforts resulted in his discovery about a close relationship between the subliminal stimuli and the posthypnotic suggestion, in 1917. This discovery was named after him, as ‘The Poetzle Effect’. This effect shows that the subliminal perception of mind, shows its effect by evoking the dreams, or actions sometime after the original perception of mind occurred. Following these two successful discoveries, this field gathered more attention, and a lot Subliminal Recording 3 more efforts were made in an attempt to understand this phenomenon in a better way. All the research done in this field, has proved that the subliminal perception does have an influence on the unconscious or the subconscious mind. It has been proved that it is even helpful in changing the behavior of people. Effects of Subliminal Recording on Various Fields of Life Discussed below are the different aspects of life, where a proven effect of subliminal recordings have been showed. Public Awareness: The subliminal perception for the public awareness first took place in 1957, as an controversial experiment conducted by the market researcher James Victory in a Fort Lee, New Jersey, movie theatre. The subliminal messages used in this experiment were: â€Å"Hungry? Eat popcorn. Thirsty? Drink Coca-Cola. † These messages were flashed only for a fraction of a second, for every five seconds, during the show of movie named ‘Picnic. ’ It resulted in a dramatic increase in the sale of both the popcorn, and Coca-Cola. Reduction in Shoplifting: Recently, another way of communicating via subliminal messages have been discovered; it is by using the music and audio programs. The ‘TIME’ magazine has written in one of its articles, published in 1979, titled as ‘Secret Voices’, that in US and Canada, about 50 departmental stores were using this system of subliminal voice messages, in order to reduce the shoplifting and the employee theft. The article says that one of the East Coast chain of departmental stores, reported a 37% reduction of theft, leading to a profit of about $600,000 over a period of nine months Similarly, the WALL STREET JOURNAL, published an article in 1980, stating that this way of communication was Subliminal recording 4 used in a New Orleans supermarket. It resulted in a reduction in the pilferage loss from about $50,000 per six months to less than $13,000. Also, there was a drop in the Cashier shortages, from $125 per week, to about less than $10 per week. Here, the subliminal messages used were: â€Å"I take a great deal of pride in being honest. I will not steal. I am honest. † Now, in the next section, we come to the scientific evidence of the effects of subliminal recordings on the subconscious mind. Scientific Evidence Extensive Documentation of the Subliminal Perception: Dr. Norman Dixon, a psychologist at the University College in London, England, has summarized 748 research studies on subliminal perception, in his work titled as â€Å"Preconscious Processing. † One of such studies was done by Zuckerman, in 1960. This research work showed that the subliminal stimulus can by-pass the conscious effort of a person. It also stated that it makes it very unlikely for a person to resist the subconscious instructions. In his experiment, Zuckerman gave the Thematic Apperception Test cards to his subjects. These cards contained the ambiguous pictures, with the subliminal message ‘Write more’ or ‘Don’t Write’ on it. These messages clearly showed their effects as long as they were subliminal, but as soon as the subjects came to perceive them consciously, they lost their effects on them. Behavioral Improvements from Subliminal Messages: Dr. Lloyd H. Silverman, a psychologist at New York University has been working on the research of subliminal recordings since last 20 years. He experimented on 40 groups of subjects. All of them showed a positive response in the form of change of their behavior after exposure to Subliminal Recording 5 selected subliminal messages. One of such groups was that of the smokers. In 1980, he selected half a group of smokers, who were receiving the behavior modification therapy to quit smoking. They were exposed to the subliminal messages, and the results observed one month after the end of treatment showed that about 66% of the patients were still non-smokers, compared to 13% of the control group. Other groups of subjects used for experiments by Silverman included assertiveness training classes, adolescents receiving psychotherapy, college students in group therapy, alcoholics in the Alcoholics Anonymous counseling and people suffering from the insect phobias and overeating.

What Is Vancouver Referencing

What Is Vancouver Referencing What Is Vancouver Referencing? Vancouver is the most populous city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is ethnically diverse, known for its high quality of life, and nicknamed â€Å"Hollywood North† for its connections to the Canadian film industry. It is also the home of Vancouver referencing. Well, sort of. In this post, we’ll look at the basics of Vancouver referencing. This will include how to cite sources, reference lists and bibliographies, and why it is called â€Å"Vancouver† referencing in the first place. What Is Vancouver Referencing? Vancouver referencing is so called because of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, who met in Vancouver to agree on a referencing style for all biomedical journals. They decided on an â€Å"author–number† system. This uses numbered citations to point to entries in a reference list, where the author and text are named. However, Vancouver is not a â€Å"system† in the strict sense. Instead, it is a reference style with several variations (e.g., style of punctuation and use of italics). As such, if your school or publisher suggests using Vancouver referencing, make sure to check your style guide carefully. Citations in Vancouver As mentioned above, Vancouver uses numbers to point to an entry in the reference list. The exact format for citing a source can vary, but this usually involves parentheses (1), square brackets [2], or superscript numbers.3 If the author is named in the text, the citation usually comes after their name. If not, the citation goes at the end of the relevant passage. For instance: According to Smith (1), X is Y. However, some studies disagree (2). Each number refers to a different source, with sources numbered in the order they are first cited. If you then cite the same source again, simply repeat the number you used the first time. Advanced Citations As well as basic citations, you can cite more than one source at a time by including more than one number. And if you quote a source, you should also include page numbers: If X truly is Y (1, 3-5), then â€Å"Y must also be X† (6: p. 24). For example, with the first citation above, the author is citing sources 1, 3, 4, and 5 from their reference list. With the second citation, they are citing page 24 of the sixth source in the list. The Reference List Like with citations, the format of a Vancouver reference list will depend on the version of the system used. However, they all have two things in common: Sources are listed in the order they are first cited in your document. All references should include enough information for the reader to find the source used. A reference for a book, for example, might look like this: (1) Smith A. X and Y: A Study of Similarity. New York: PI Publications; 2012. The number at the start matches the citation in the main text. After that, we have the author’s name, the title of the book, and the publication details. This level of detail will usually suffice. Reference List or Bibliography? Some versions of Vancouver distinguish between a â€Å"reference list† and a â€Å"bibliography.† Usually, the reference list is only cited sources, while a bibliography may include additional reading. This terminology can vary, though, and which you need will depend on the version of Vancouver used. This, again, makes it wise to check your style guide if you’re unsure how to proceed. But as long as you’re clear and consistent in how you cite sources in your work, you’ll be on the right track! And if you’d   like someone to check the referencing in your work, let us know.

Projecting the Image of a Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Projecting the Image of a Nurse - Essay Example She wears a name badge and leans over her patient, making eye contact with the patient and listening intently while taking vital signs and acting as a liaison between the patient and the doctor. This would be a clear cut scenario. Times have slightly changed, as has the projected role and image of a caregiving nurse. â€Å"Although the public's view of nursing has changed over time, most people do not appreciate the complexity and range of today's professional nursing role,† (Chitty & Black, 2011). Nurses are becoming more educated, specializing in certain areas of specific branches of health care and there is a significant increase in the population of males entering this occupational field. One of the most critical roles that a nurse plays is that of patient caretaker. Patient satisfaction often has a lot to do with the role that the nurse has played on taking care of the patient. There must be a nurse-patient dyad bond. While the nurse is in charge of taking all other signs and symptoms, the nurse's biggest role is to help a patient understand their health care plan (Tejero, 2012). To maintain this relationship, a nurse must be personable, friendly and kind. Sometimes a nurse must also play the role of being calm and patient, allowing the patient and doctor to dictate their needs to the nurse. Florence Nightingale could be the first person that is responsible for the way that a nurse is portrayed. She let on originally that nurse is inferior to a doctor. Since then, other images have influenced the image of the nurse such as war nurses on television shows, including the way that nurses are even portrayed on soap operas. All of these have an impact on the image that the profession has (Cohen, 2007). It is thought that even during a nursing shortage in 2001, that it could have been the media to blame for the way that nurses were portrayed. Television series shows such as â€Å"ER† and â€Å"House† may have been influential while a Coors br ewery ad used naughty nurse images in a 2006 advertising campaign for alcohol. The role of a nurse as a sexual being is one of fiction (Cohen, 2007). Since the Internet has a huge impact on society, it is interesting to know the way that the nurse's image is portrayed online. The media's image has an impact not only on patient's feelings but also about recruiting others into the profession, the way that consumers use nurses services and can even impact the amount of financial services that a health care facility may obtain. When looking at information on the Internet about the projected image of a nurse in years 2001-2004, about 70 percent of Internet sites had portrayed nurses as â€Å"intelligent, respected, accountable, committed, competent and trustworthy,† (Kalisch, B.J., Begeny, S. & Neumann, S., 2007). Nurses were also perceived in the images on the web to appear to have specialized knowledge. Many of them were attractive and well-groomed and were committed to patient care. Sometimes the image of being sexually promiscuous and creative or innovative were also factors that were displayed online. Regardless, the study by the authors suggested that the image of a nurse could definitely be changed by the way that a nurse is portrayed online (Kalisch, et al., 2007). One thing is that nursing has been identified as one of the most

Why do nurses eat their young Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why do nurses eat their young - Term Paper Example Nurses who are older and who have more experience have the reputation on shunning the younger nurses away, making life difficult for them, in other words ‘eating’ them. For which reason, the younger nurses often experience great difficulty in starting their practice. Some of them often even end up leaving the profession altogether. This paper shall discuss and resolve issues on the question: why do nurses eat their young? This question is being answered in the hope of establishing a comprehensive and academic answer to this query and in the hope of improving the transition for younger nurses into the practice. Review of literature Various studies have been carried out on nurses eating their young. For purposes of this discussion, this practice shall also be referred to as horizontal violence among nurses. In a paper by Woelfe and McCaffrey (2007), the authors set out to evaluate if horizontal violence in the workplace is present in nursing and if it is, its relationship to patient care. This study was carried out as a literature review of articles published from 2003 and 2004 from nursing research databases. This study revealed that horizontal violence does exist in nursing today (Woelfe and McCaffrey, 2007). The study revealed that horizontal violence exists in the current context and it affects most areas of the nursing practice. In instances when tension is elevated in patient care areas, the nursing staff is often not likely to be at their best performance and the quality of their patient care is compromised. In a similar study by Oztunc (2007), the author set out to evaluate the incidents of verbal abuse encountered by nurses in the workplace. Data was gathered in about 290 hospital nurses in Turkey. The study soon established that most nurses faced verbal abuse. It also confirmed that there is a need to implement urgent and continuous plans in addressing verbal abuse in the workplace and in the adoption of zero tolerance (Oztunc, 2007). In ef fect, this study highlighted the alarming increase in violence between nurses which mostly registers as verbal abuse and bullying in the workplace. In a paper by Johnson (2009), the authors evaluated the nursing literature on workplace bullying in order to establish a better understanding of these incidents in the workplace. The CINAHL, PubMed, Pro Quest, and EBSCO databases were searched. This study revealed that workplace bullying is not just a simple contract between two individuals. This is also a complicated incident which can be understood by evaluating social and organizational factors (Johnson, 2009). Bullying has been known to affect the physical and psychological issues of victims, including their work performance. It also impacts on organizations due to their decreased productivity, increased sick time, and reduced quality of work (Johnson, 2009). The incidence of workplace violence and bullying in the nursing profession was also discussed by Hutchinson, et.al. (2006), th e authors discussed that workplace bullying is a significant issue in the nursing profession. It is often described in terms of oppressed group behavior. The oppressed group theory has set forth only minimal understanding of this phenomenon in nursing. This theory is said to place too much of an emphasis on bullying as a phenomenon in nursing, not one which is common in other professions as well (Hutchinson, et.al., 2006). Alternative methods of understanding this phenomenon have instead been suggested by other theorists in order to understand nursing workplace bullying. Saunders, et.al., (2007) discussed that various attempts at defining