Break Before University Essay

It goes without saying that people like having the things they don’t have. Students always want to have a break after a long time they were very busy with studying, especially before they come to universities – a new environment with lots of challenging. It’ll be not good for a student to have a year break before going to university because it’s really a waste of time, and they might forget their knowledge. Today, both of adults and children always try to learn hard. Knowledge is unlimited; we never have everything in our mind. We learn bit by bit every day. If one stops working for one day, one eventually loses his knowledge. For one year, people can learn a lot of knowledge and experience, and you’ll be worse than others. Secondly, if you have a break for one year, it will take you more than one year to come back your work. In some case, the inertia is so great that one can’t go back to school.  Last but not least, one might forget your lessons easily when one doesn’t practice. When one comes to a university, one’ll continue learning your program in high school in a different way. One’ll have to learn by himself more than following teachers. It takes a lot of times to learn this new habit. Taking a long break seems like a cool idea, but I will not jeopardize my college education. A student will have to coup with many problems after such a break. One should consult his teachers and his parents before making that decision.

Banneker Argument Essay

Banneker Rough Draft #2 Decades before the Civil War, even when the nation was but a few years old, slavery played quite a controversial role in the United States. While writing the Declaration of Independence, exclusions of all references made to slavery avoided conflict in an attempt to hold the fragile young nation together during the critical period leading up to its independence. However, the leaders of the country knew the subject would pop up again. Just a few short years later, as the country began to envision its future, the issue of slavery made another appearance.Many people, including free African-Americans such as Benjamin Banneker, argued against slavery. In his letter to Thomas Jefferson, Banneker argues in favor of abolition with respect and passion through his mastery of powerful diction, impassioned and reverent tone, and emotional appeal. Throughout the piece, Banneker reminds Jefferson of the struggle for independence. He recalls for Jefferson how discontented the colonies felt with King George’s tyranny. He supports his argument with key words from the Revolution, speaking of the â€Å"rights and privileges† bestowed upon the former colonists.He quotes Jefferson himself, pulling an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence which states that â€Å"all men are created equal. † However, many thought slaves simply property and not men, so did not seem applicable to the situation in their eyes. Banneker warns against hypocrisy, stating with loaded words such as â€Å"groaning captivity and cruel oppression† that Jefferson and the others would be just as tyrannical as King George should they just stand by and let slavery continue. Banneker feels quite passionately about this, something reflected by his tone.He feels obligated to act, because â€Å"so numerous a part of [his] brethren† were experiencing carnal treatment and abhorrent horrors and all he could do to help included sending a strongly-worded, yet m ost likely ineffective, letter to a political official. Banneker knows that unfortunately, despite his pedantic diction due to his extensive education, he holds less credibility than a white man during this point in time. So despite his passionate argument, the letter as a whole reflects respect.Banneker addresses Jefferson as â€Å"sir,† uses panegyrics, and towards the end of the letter he attempts flattery by stating â€Å"your knowledge of the situation†¦ is†¦ extensive. † This respect played a key role in Banneker’s letter being seriously considered. Banneker’s tone fuels his use of the appeal pathos. Banneker speaks of the times when â€Å"human aid appeared unavailable† to the colonies, when they seemed to have no hope. He attempts to evoke feelings of altruism from Jefferson by insisting that he possesses the ability to do what the French did for the colonies- help win the fight for freedom.Banneker reminds Jefferson how much he e njoys his freedom from England, something undeniable and labeled by Banneker as a â€Å"blessing of Heaven. † Banneker uses Jefferson’s intense value and love for liberty and equality to point out the urgency with which his brethren should be given rights and privileges â€Å"equal and impartial† to those of white men. Banneker’s fervent desperation for the freedom of his brethren seems almost tangible. The hypocrisy of the situation must have been understandably frustrating, but eventually, despite almost a century of waiting, slaves became emancipated in the United States. Word count: 536

Narendra Modi Essay

Born in 1950. 1960-1970 Tea, Tea, Tea! A cup of Tea for 10 cents. Would you like to have some tea sir? 2001- Chief Minister of Gujarat, one of the biggest states of India and remained as the Chief Minister for four consecutive terms until he became the Prime Minister of India in 2014. Before Narendra Modi became the Prime minister of India, corruption was the only key to success in India. A couple years ago, my mom got her divers license in Muscat, where I stay and she wanted Indian driving license so that she could drive in India as well. She went to the department office, and to her surprise there was this guy standing at the entrance of the office gate who was ready to give her an original driver’s license without having to give a test for half the price in no time. My mom did that because she didn’t want to stand in a line for like hours to get her license. Last summer, I drove to the department office to get my license but I couldn’t dare to get one illegally. Modiâ€℠¢s new law says that any person reporting an instance of corruption will be rewarded and person engaging in corruption will be punished. So now, you’ve got more eyes watching you than before if you’re in India committing any kind of crime. A brilliant idea to stop corruption because he realizes that not many are willing to eradicate corruption until they have some personal gain. During his election campaign, Modi spoke about his plan to replace the whole legal system of India with fewer new laws. The opposition party and many business men argued that only a more rigorous legal system can help prevent corruption. More than 65% of the population was corrupt. According to India times, Modi responded, â€Å"My election campaign is totally based on what I will do as a Prime Minister and what a government should do is to create a positive climate that will bring investment. I don’t make false promises. This is what I will do and vote for me only if you want this.† If I were him, then I would never dare to talk about such a plan that would invite criticism during the election campaign. Normally, a person would think that Modi just lost 65% of the votes that he had already won. But guess what, Modi not only had those 65% in his favor, but also the others supported him because he offered a brighter future for India. Previously, one would need to take multiple approvals for an action, running from this govt office to that govt office, etc. Today you need to go to one govt office where you only need to take a couple approvals to begin action. According to times of  India, Modi created history when he invited the prime ministers of the south Asian countries including that of Pakistan to his prime ministerial swearing ceremony after which they discussed their political issues. Getting over the ego, takes a lot of guts. In an important meeting with representatives of the neighboring countries, he asked the nations to be clear and declare immediately whether the countries were with India or against India, so that it isn’t like good face to face and later crossing borders and firing soldiers. The outcome of this meeting was a peace treaty signed by South Asian prime ministers (SO no more world war 3 between India and Pakistan), improved trade relations and took action for the better of collective south Asia. Here is a glass of water. Some people will say that the glass is half filled by water, some will say that the glass is half empty. He believes in the third view as explained in the Economic Times. According to him, the glass is half of water and half of air because only optimism can encourage courage. Here is a short video of what the Indian prime minister has accomplished in his 1st 100 working days which no other prime minister ever has. TO conclude,  Modi is a business man because he is a risk-taking, profit-minded person and I call him courageous because he has the courage to believe the unbelievable. Today, he is the inspiration of Indian youth. If you’re looking for Leadership, Governance and Decision Making, then vote for Modi. Thank you. Modi says, â€Å"people throw stones at me and I show courage by collecting those stones and making a temple out of them.† During his election campaign, he openly blamed the then chief minister of Delhi for corruption. The whole of india blindly trusted her that time because she was like this mother figure who would die for her country and blabla. Guess what, delhi chief minister was investigated and she was found guilty. Imagine, if she was not found guilty which was very much possible considering the power she had, then he would have not gained a single vote. He says that business lies in taking risks and higher the risks, higher the profits are. Modi had applied for visa to the United States and was rejected  3 times while he was the chief minister of Gujarat. But one day before the 2014 prime ministerial election results were out, Barak Obama sent an invitation to Narendra Modi requesting him to visit America. This doesn’t talk about Modi’s courage but indirectly speaks about his bold and aggressive nature which even forced Obama to invite Modi a day before he was announced as the Pri me Minister.

Operations Management - Location Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management - Location - Essay Example It has, on the other hand, proven that a number of entrepreneurs have continued to rise as Wal-Mart continues to open new stores. Fishman (2006) claims that, States that have a vast number of Wal mart stores has nearly the same concentration of small businesses just like in states with a few of the stores. In fact, it is the states that have a number of Wal mart stores that have a high number of small businesses per capita. Nevertheless, Wal mart existences in areas have negative effects top the small business owners. After observing the effects of a number of Wal-Mart openings keenly, researchers realized a 40 percent drop in sales at nearby mass merchandise chains and also, 17 percent sales drop at the region’s supermarkets. The small businesses located in the same regions with Wal-Mart often faces huge loses or become phased out of business due to the immense Wal-Mart’s everyday low prices and also, convenient shopping. There are a number of people who think that thi nk Wal-Mart is extremely unhealthy for a region’s small business owners. Andrea Dean of the University of West Virginia claims that, Wal-Mart has not had a serious negative effect on the local small businesses as critics think. Instead, Wall-Mart has unleashed forces that have overtime changed the nature of small businesses in America in unexpected ways (Fishman, 2006). With the introduction of Wal-Mart in a number of states, the small businesses fell over. These large stores are large chain stores that create large branches everywhere. With the loss of the small local stores, the towns losses the community feeling and interaction with neighbors. In big stores like the Wal-Mart, individuals behave differently than they do in the more friendlier and family like small local businesses (Fishman, 2006). These small businesses have that warm environment that slows down the pace of living, and encourages shoppers to wander around and converse. Studies have led to the conclusion tha t a surrounding with the small businesses tend to lead to a livelier and active community than the one with significant businesses. Pros and Cons – Town Residents The existence of Wal Mart has led to high job creations to the area residents. The company being a large one, there will be numerous job opportunities for the area residents. Wal-Mart has also led to an increase in the region tax revenues. According to Fishman (2006), the chains will also provide a wide selection of products and services under a single roof than what is available on the small businesses. Wal-Mart also provides residents with lower prices for all of its products and services than the existing area small businesses. Wal-Mart also provides convenience to its customers through immediate, no cost, nearby, and convenience parking space. There are, however, cons to residents where the chains become set. There are numerous allegations that Wal-Mart is in violation of the federal and also, the state wage and labor laws that require it to pay overtime wags to its workers, which enables the company to lower its costs and also sell at lower prices (Fishman, 2006). Response of a Wal-Mart Representative A Wal-Mart representative can be influential in responding to the negative criticisms along a number of sectors. Foremost, Wal-Mart will bring increased employment to the area. The chains will provide shopping access to

Market segmentation as a basic ingredient of the marketing strategy Essay

Market segmentation as a basic ingredient of the marketing strategy - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that strategy of marketing is known by the name of market segmentation. It basically entails dividing a wide audience into different sets based on consumers marked significantly by their peculiar needs, wants, and desires. The criteria are depended deeply on the aspects of age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Thus, the marketing campaigns are devised in such a way as to make sure that the specific customer segments are ably met, whilst addressing their needs, wants and desires, which indeed are seen as common. It is a fact that every organization has its own set ways in order to categorize these segments. It does so in order to focus entirely on the segments which have thus been chosen and not to concentrate its energies on the segments which are not required or which do not bring in the required profits. Market segmentation is an important metaphor which essentially dictates quite a few aspects – most of which have to do with segmentin g, targeting and positioning. The buzzword about market segmentation is that it creates subsets based on different premises which remain significant from a marketing standpoint. If these subsets are not involved, there will not be any use in understanding the related perspectives. Instead, the analysis will focus on targeting and positioning tangents, which is not really the key here. Thus, all-out emphasis must always be laid on elements that warrant attention and detail, i.e. on the segmentation of the market alone.... However, the fact of the matter is that every organization that is working to achieve its goals and objectives has its peculiar segments which are characterized by varied inclinations. If these segments are not properly demarcated, there is a reason to believe that there shall be gross issues related to targeting and positioning at a later stage. Hence, it is always a good omen to comprehend the true nature of the segmented category before moving ahead any further. It will solve most of the issues related to product placement, pricing tactics, promotional strategies and so on. A clear cut comprehension of the segmented markets essentially helps immensely. It brings things into proper perspectives and resolves predicaments as there is a cut-down on losses in a significant manner. Segmented markets have their own peculiarities which make them stand out in a league of their own. It gives them the required care of the marketers to focus on the prime areas which need the attention in an a bsolute way. This is a very important area, as far as where the resources shall be emphasized upon to achieve instant results is concerned (Douglas). If successful market segmentation goes hand in hand with the product differentiation strategy, there is no reason why varied segments cannot be handled in an amicable way. Thus, the segments will be exploited in a positive fashion all the same. There would be more focus on elements that are deemed as insignificant yet have a great amount of bearing for the organizations. By the same token, other pertinent aspects would be given the necessary attention that these richly deserve (Vincent). A firm advantage can be achieved if the organization under question has made

Experience never be forgeten Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experience never be forgeten - Essay Example ollection of those events and how we challenged that situation has always been a thrilling experience for me and the story is often repeated by me to my inquisitive friends and relatives. We were a group of five friends and we made elaborate arrangements for the proposed camping adventure. A week before the date of departure for the camp, we busied ourselves in shopping and we collected tents and trappings and other equipment needed for the camping. We collected various items of food. The choices of each of one we were different and thus we had a good collection of food items. We had decided to stay overnight at the camping site which was all the more exciting. We started off early in the morning, and loaded our suitcases on the carrier of the car, and by 7.30 a.m. began heading for the destination. We had rented a car, and I had not thoroughly checked its condition, before agreeing to take it, and that was a serious mistake that I committed, especially when we were going on a long journey. The car began to tell its story and it seemed as if it is not happy with its noisy companions. We had covered a distance of about fifteen miles and at a lonely stretch and I had to bring the car to a screeching halt due to a flat tire and I had a difficult time in controlling it. None of us were experts in fixing the tire, but with great difficulty and hesitation we solved the problem. My only fear was what we should do, if another tire would go flat. After fixing the tire problem, we had tea and snacks in a roadside restaurant and then we moved further. I was driving slowly and after covering about 10 miles, I suddenly realized that I forgot my cellphone at the restaurant, and we had just crossed a bridge and the next exist was after 4 miles. We had to get back and I felt that the bridge was mocking at us, for we were using it for the third time in less than one hour. The GPS was also quite unfriendly and was constantly teasing us with â€Å"Keep Right† and â€Å"Keep Leftà ¢â‚¬ 

History and Its Impact on Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History and Its Impact on Art - Essay Example Bernini’s sense of artistry was most revered by the religious sector during his time, often get hired by the monarchs of the kingdom to design churches and depict political allegories. For the most part, the sculpted statues of these three artists are all nude and had some political implications. It is just fair to concede that these artists were pillars of boldness in terms of political practices. [Student’s Last Name] 2 The Spanish, Dutch and French Baroque and its Influences on Wealth and Power The Dutch Baroque was considered to be the country's golden age - a period of astonishing wealth and the communal unity of the commercial class. A booming international trade boosted the Dutch's typical type of living. In addition, a strong average class of market for present-day art was the key to the flourishing of the economic situations in other countries like Spain and France and these arts depict overall prosperity of products like spices, glass, etc. There was also a su rging patronage on artistic works by average income class families. The paintings during this period of time were mostly inspired by the propagandistic paintings of the minister Cardinal Richilieu and the more introspective paintings of people affiliated to the Jansenist group. The Asia – Europe Arts The spreading out of Europe to Asia was urged by the yearning for spices and other Asian products. Nevertheless, its consequence surpassed the plain bartering of commodities and other products. It has marked the commencement of an international market that altered our taste and standard of living today. There were several cultural exchanges evolved in the commercial structure that were not just limited to transnational and within the Asian commerce. The existence of specialized marketplaces for cultural artifacts and products and the transmission of items influenced the local arts and craft manufacturing of both continents. In tradition, the relationship between Europe and Asia h as been investigated in a hegemonic viewpoint, considering Europe as the prevailing economic and political hub. And even up to the issues of cultural influences, the pattern for transmission considers Europe as the [Student’s Last Name] 3 main source and Asia being the beneficiary. Thoughts about Asia and Europe as two colossal expanses took place on this perspective. Photography and the French Painting Numerous discoveries in photography witness the rise of more innovative impressions of art in manifold splices. This can be credited to the reality that, albeit, art mainly resides on the person's mind's eye and ingenuity, photography transformed the entire conformist and conservative artistic scheme. Consequently, within the early 19th century, numerous features, factors have emerged and in the following years caught sight of the increase of the utilization of complex and sophisticated colors and texture as well as the integration of light in painted materials and artworks, n evertheless, the arrival of photography which necessitated much fewer materials and used up smaller amount of time and workforce undesirably spoiled the realm of conservative artistry. The â€Å"Art for Art’s Sake† perspective, which was focused on the progressive modernism, improved the way art

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Summary - Assignment Example Numbers are more convincing since readers and audiences often focus on profits, losses, savings and costs. The numbers provided ought to be easy, trustworthy and accurate. In addition, the presenter should be able to cite the source of information for reference purposes. Utilization of examples in the presentation helps the audience to remember and visualize the point. Examples enabled the presenter to show the audience, the meaning of the information. Associating the presentation or research to expert opinions lends credibility and authority to any claim. The presenter should remember to cite the expert during presentation of the information. A presenter requires something more than evidence to change the minds of the audience. The presenter has to appeal to common goals and value of the presenter. In business organization for example, the presenter is required to identify common goals and appeal to them in order to convince other employee. The goals of people are often shaped by their values: honesty, loyalty, friendship, fairness and equality. In addition, the presenter should also appeal to the shared values (pg 51). A speaker or presenter should also consider the cultural context when passing information to the audience. This is because; reaction to persuasive appeals can be determined by the values and custom of a certain culture. Understanding the culture of the audience is quite significant as it might differ in people’s willingness to criticize, debate, or express emotions and disagreement. Additionally, cultures may also differ in their attitude towards technology, business, competition as well as the rol e of women at their place of work. Grier (2008, pg 53), states that, ‘primacy of face saving is one of the key values in all cultures. It is the act of preserving an individual’s outward dignity and prestige’. Presenters should ensure they pay attention to situations

Week-7 Technology in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week-7 Technology in the Workplace - Essay Example It also has the capability of providing annotations of the evidence produced, for use by the jury, the trial judge/ magistrate, and the various counsels present. This is the main technology in use at the court rooms (Rowland, Uta and Andrew, 32). Within the offices, employees of the organization use Microsoft software’s to process the needed information. The soft wares in use are the Microsoft word, and this is in use mostly by clerks. Ms. Power Point is used by the managerial staff when they make presentations during seminars, and conferences. By looking at these technological applications in my organization, I can conclude that it is ahead of other institutions of justice in the use of technology. Though most of these organizations use Microsoft software’s, they are yet to develop the mobile evidence presentation system that has the capability of easing the manner in which evidence is produced at the court room. The court house has managed to train its employees on how to handle the technological inventions it uses. During orientations, new employees obtain guidelines on the functionalities of the various technological gadgets in use. Due to this orientation, I gained the knowledge and capability of using these gadgets, and therefore technology does not affect my performance. However, there are numerous ways that technology can hinder progress at the work place. They are (Rowland, Uta and Andrew, 21); 1. In ability to weigh between the opportunities, and the risks that the technology in use brings about. For instance, use of technological know-how such as power point presentations, requires adequate preparations, identification of main files, and thereafter loaded into the presentation software. This activity takes a lot of time, and this can be a factor in hindering the application of a technological know-how, in a court house. 2. There is also the problem of information overload. For instance, in using

Effect of Unethical Behavior Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Effect of Unethical Behavior Article Analysis Essay The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, passed in congress in 2002 is designed to protect investors from the potential of fraudulent corporate accounting activities. This act strictly mandates reform, aimed directly to prevent fraud and improve corporate financial disclosures (INVESTOPEDIA, 2012). As a result of several confidence shaking investor accounting scandals that occurred during the late 90s which involved high profile corporations such as Enron, WorldCom and Tyco, a much required overhaul regarding financial statements and regulatory standards laid the foundation for the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This act is making the accounting world more accessible to others for auditors to come in and help in checking the books. It will hold the executives and directors accountable for the internal controls of the company especially with the threat of imprisonment if the internal controls are not maintained. The act ensures that a â€Å"checks and balance† internal auditing of the accounting cycle for the company and investors to keep their assets in check. The role of internal audits is to ensure that Institute of Internal Auditor’s Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing Standard 300 Scope of Work be followed. The scope of the internal audit should encompass the examination and evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the organizations system of internal control and the quality of performance in carrying out assigned responsibilities (M. Wood Company, 2012). The internal audit standards are to review the dependability and integrity of financial and operating information and the resource being used to identify measure and classify those reports. The standard requires the system be reviewed to ensure compliance with those policies, plans, procedure, laws and regulations which may have a huge impact on operations and reporting. The standard is used to review the methods in place to safeguarding assets and verify that the assets protected exist. The final purpose of the standard is to appraise the economy and the efficiency with the means that are employed by a corporation. It is important to note that policies and rules are also enforced to uphold the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Sections 302, 401, 404 and 805 in particular address key requirements as it pertains to effecting financial statements. Section 302 requires senior managers to certify the accuracy of the reports along with establishing internal controls are set in place for the purpose of increasing report accuracy, ensuring honesty and ultimately providing financial protection for the investors. Section 401 ensures that statements may not contain fraudulent information. Section 404 provides for the necessary rules for annual reporting as well as addresses management auditing structures. Lastly, section 805 provides the guidelines for federal sentencing relating to criminal fraud and obstruction of justice. (Hazels, Nov/Dec) A very important question that should be asked is how well main stream America understands the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and how it has effected them? Another pressing area to uncover is how it has affected the US economy over the past ten years? Lastly, it would be interesting to understand how US companies interface globally with countries not held to the same standards. References Hazels, B. (Nov/Dec 2010). Eight Years After The Fact Is SOX Working? A Look At The Brooke Corporation. Journal of Business Case Studies, 6(6.6), 19-29. Invesotopedia. (2012). Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002 SOX. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sarbanesoxleyact.asp#axzz2BCoqABsQ M. Wood Company. (2012, November 1). The role of Internal Audit in Complying with Sarbanes- Oxley. Retrieved from http://www.mwoodco.com/value/Internal_Audit_7-03.pdf

Measuring Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells

Measuring Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells Measuring cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells treated with cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil, via flow cytometry as a measure of effectiveness of the drugs at treating cancer Introduction Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells, resulting in cell death (Rang et al. 2012). In the majority of therapeutics cytotoxicity is not a desirable characteristic. However, in the treatment of cancer many chemotherapy drugs, through cytotoxicity are designed to selectively induce apoptosis, a form of cell death (Rang et al. 2012). There are three main forms of cell death, these are: apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Apoptosis is the physiological process by which cells are destroyed in a controlled manner (Elmore 2007). There are four basic steps involved; the first is cell shrinkage, blebs begin to form and condensation of chromatin occurs. Next, membrane blebbing occurs and enzymes begin the process of nuclear fragmentation. In the late stages of apoptosis, the cell is broken down into apoptotic bodies which contain the cells components and nuclear fragments. The final stage is the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies (Ulukaya et al. 2011). One of the main ways in which phagocytes recognise apoptotic cells is the presentation of phosphatidylserine (PS). Ordinarily, this phospholipid is found on the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer, during apoptosis it translocates to the outer leaflet and binds to a PS receptor present on the phagocyte (Wu et al. 2006). In autophagy, targeted components such as organelles are isolated in an autophagosome; a form of vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane. These autophagosomes are degraded by lysosomes (Kroemer, G et al. 2009). Necrosis is often thought of as uncontrolled cell death. However, there is an increasing amount of evidence that suggests it is regulated by transduction pathways and other mechanisms (Kroemer, G et al. 2009). It is caused by factors such as trauma, infection and toxins. It is characterised by the swelling of cells which causes the cell membrane to rupture, resulting in the release of intracellular components. These intracellular components can trigger a local inflammatory response. In contrast to apoptosis, the phagocytic stage does not occur in necrosis (Golstein, Pierre and Kroemer, Guido 2007). As a result, dead cells and their intracellular components remain at the site of necrosis, this build-up of debris may lead to conditions such as gangrene. Due to its detrimental effects, it’s preferential that necrosis is not produced by therapeutics. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil are chemotherapy agents, which both cause apoptosis by interfering with DNA via its replication and repair. Cisplatin crosslinks with purine bases in DNA which interferes with DNA repair mechanisms, this means that DNA damage is not fixed triggering apoptosis (Dasari and Bernard Tchounwou 2014). 5-flurouracil is an antimetabolite, it is metabolised into 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP) which is then incorporated into both DNA and RNA and also inhibits thymidilate synthase (Parker and Stivers 2011). HepG2 cells are derived from the hepatocellular carcinoma cells of a 15 year old, American, Caucasian, male and are epithelial in nature. They are commonly used as an in vitro model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (Costantini et al. 2013). Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that allows for the rapid differentiation and characterisation of particles including cells. A flow cytometer is made up of three main components: fluidics, optics and electronics. When a sample is injected into a flow cytometer, the fluidics system is responsible for producing a stream of single particles, this relies on the principle of laminar flow. This allows the particles to be interrogated by the laser beam individually. When a particle passes through the laser beam it scatters light. The amount of forward scatter is proportional to the size of the cell. The side scatter is proportional to the complexity of the cell. If a fluorophore is present, it can be excited by a specific wavelength of light. It will then undergo a Stokes shift and a different wavelength of light will be emitted which can be measured by the electronics of the flow cytometer (Macey 2007, Maxwell and Hannon-Fletcher 2009). The fluorophore can be conjugated with proteins suc h as annexin V which have a known high affinity to specific molecules present on the cell surface. Annexin V is a 35.7kDa, calcium sensitive, phospholipid binding protein. It has a high affinity to phosphatidylserine. The binding of fluorophore labelled annexin V is used as a common measure of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry (van Genderen et al. 2008). Aims To measure the effectiveness of two anti-cancer drugs by measuring the level of apoptosis in a population of HepG2 cells after being treated with cisplatin (15 µg/mL) or 5-fluorouracil (25 µg/mL) for 48 hours and compare those to a population of untreated cells via flow cytometry. Objectives To count and fix a population of HepG2 cells before staining them with fluorescently labelled Annexin V in preparation for analysis using a flow cytometer. To measure the level of fluorescence in 5000 treated and untreated cells using a flow cytometer as well as measuring the minimal and maximal fluorescence in a negative and positive control. Based on the fact the fluorescence is directly proportional to apoptosis determine which treatment is significantly better and provide evidence from the literature as to why this is the case. Methods Please refer to laboratory schedule (Hatch 2014). Following the collection of data descriptive statistics and a one-way ANOVA test were carried out the results of which can be found in the appendix. Results The negative control was used to identify if there was any background fluorescence. In table 1 (found in the appendix) the mean fluorescence for the negative control was 144. Therefore, fluorescence that is significantly higher than this level can be attributed to the excitation of the fluorophore (Alexa 488). Figure 1 Cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells measured as fluorescence using flow cytometry. The bars are means of triplicates, the standard error has been used for the error bars. *statistically significant compared to control (blue for negative, red for positive), p In figure 1, a greater level of fluorescence was seen for the samples treated with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil compared to that of the untreated sample. Cisplatin produced the greatest level of fluorescence of the two treated samples. Discussion The data used was a class set, some of the data provided was produced by those running the laboratory session as some samples did not contain a pellet which was needed to run the flow cytometry analysis. The five sets of data were compared with one another, it was found that the differences were statistically significant (p As mentioned in results, cisplatin showed a greater mean fluorescence compared to 5-fluorouracil, Results were 726 and 540 respectively. Seeing as fluorescence is directly proportional to phosphotidylserine expression, which in turn is a direct measure of apoptosis. It can be assumed that cisplatin produced the highest level of apoptosis and is most cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Although a higher concentration of the drugs were used (150 µg/mL) this result has also been seen in the literature (Brenes et al. 2007). Although it was not stained with annexin V, the negative control showed a mean fluorescence of 144; this is due to auto fluorescence of the cells. The fluorophore which was conjugated with annexin V was Alexa 488. It fluoresces at a wavelength of 488nm, this is within the green part of the spectrum. It is well documented that molecules found within all cells, including hepatocytes also fluoresce at a green wavelength, the most notable of these are flavins which fluoresce at around 560nm (Croce, Anna Cleta et al. 2007, Croce, Anna C et al. 2014). FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is an example of a flavin and is a redox cofactor used in metabolism. HepG2 cells are a liver carcinoma cell line. Due to their cancerous nature there would be a high level of metabolism within these cells and hence, a high level of FAD. The low level of fluorescence seen in the untreated sample is expected as there should be no apoptosis induced by cytotoxicity. Therefore, it is not surprising that the difference between the fluorescence of the untreated sample and the negative control and the treated samples is less statistically significant. In this experiment, only one stain was used in this experiment (Annexin V), this allows for the identification of cells that are cytotoxic. To evaluate the true effectiveness of a chemotherapy drug, the cell viability and necrosis is also needed. Necrosis and late stage apoptosis can be measured using propidium iodide (PI). PI binds to nucleic acids and is impermeable to intact membranes, it is often used in combination with annexin V as it fluoresces red and there is little overlap between the wavelengths of red and green light. Therefore, compensation is not needed after flow cytometry has been carried out. It has been observed in the literature that the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil is dependent on both dose and exposure time (Okamura et al. 2008). We only looked at one dose and exposure time for both drugs. It has also been observed that the use of cisplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil or other chemotherapy drugs has a synergistic and additive effect in hepatoma cell lines (Kogure et al. 2004), both of these could be investigated further is the experiment were carried out again. Conclusion In conclusion, cisplatin was shown to produce a higher level of apoptosis in HepG2 cells than 5-fluorouracil. However, to fully evaluate the effectiveness of an anti-cancer agent, measures of viability and necrosis are also needed. The differences between the two drugs may be due to the different mechanisms by which the drugs work. The introduction of 5-dUMP into DNA and RNA is a more subtle mechanism compared to the cross-linking of DNA via cis-platin. This cross-linking may be detected by cells more readily resulting in higher levels of apoptosis. As HepG2 cells were used, these results may only be the case for hepatocellular carcinomas. References Brenes, O., Arce, F., Gà ¤tjens-Boniche, O., and Dà ­az, C. (2007) â€Å"Characterization of Cell Death Events Induced by Anti-Neoplastic Drugs Cisplatin, Paclitaxel and 5-Fluorouracil on Human Hepatoma Cell Lines: Possible Mechanisms of Cell Resistance.† Biomedicine pharmacotherapy = Biomà ©decine pharmacothà ©rapie 61 (6), 347–55 Costantini, S., Di Bernardo, G., Cammarota, M., Castello, G., and Colonna, G. (2013) â€Å"Gene Expression Signature of Human HepG2 Cell Line.† Gene 518 (2), 335–45 Croce, A.C., Ferrigno, A., Santin, G., Piccolini, V.M., Bottiroli, G., and Vairetti, M. (2014) â€Å"Autofluorescence of Liver Tissue and Bile: Organ Functionality Monitoring during Ischemia and Reoxygenation.† Lasers in surgery and medicine 46 (5), 412–21 Croce, A.C., De Simone, U., Vairetti, M., Ferrigno, A., and Bottiroli, G. (2007) â€Å"Autofluorescence Properties of Rat Liver under Hypermetabolic Conditions.† Photochemical photobiological sciencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 6 (11), 1202–9 Dasari, S. and Bernard Tchounwou, P. (2014) â€Å"Cisplatin in Cancer Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms of Action.† European journal of pharmacology 740, 364–378 Elmore, S. (2007) â€Å"Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death.† Toxicologic pathology 35 (4), 495–516 Van Genderen, H.O., Kenis, H., Hofstra, L., Narula, J., and Reutelingsperger, C.P.M. (2008) â€Å"Extracellular Annexin A5: Functions of Phosphatidylserine-Binding and Two-Dimensional Crystallization.† Biochimica et biophysica acta 1783 (6), 953–63 Golstein, P. and Kroemer, G. (2007) â€Å"Cell Death by Necrosis: Towards a Molecular Definition.† Trends in biochemical sciences 32 (1), 37–43 Hatch, E. (2014) â€Å"M19BMS Laboratory Schedule†. Coventry University Kogure, T., Ueno, Y., Iwasaki, T., and Shimosegawa, T. (2004) â€Å"The Efficacy of the Combination Therapy of 5-Fluorouracil, Cisplatin and Leucovorin for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Predictable Factors.† Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 53 (4), 296–304 Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Vandenabeele, P., Abrams, J., Alnemri, E.S., Baehrecke, E.H., Blagosklonny, M. V, El-Deiry, W.S., Golstein, P., Green, D.R., Hengartner, M., Knight, R.A., Kumar, S., Lipton, S.A., Malorni, W., Nuà ±ez, G., Peter, M.E., Tschopp, J., Yuan, J., Piacentini, M., Zhivotovsky, B., and Melino, G. (2009) â€Å"Classification of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009.† Cell death and differentiation 16 (1), 3–11 Macey, M.G. (2007) Flow Cytometryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Principles and Applications. ed. by Macey, M.G. Humana Press, Inc Maxwell, P. and Hannon-Fletcher, M. (2009) â€Å"Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Cellular Pathology†. in Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Cellular Pathology. Hoboken: Wiley, 69–97 Okamura, M., Shimada, J., and Sakagami, H. (2008) â€Å"Comparative Analysis of Cell Death Induction by Cisplatin and 5-FU in Human Oral Squamous and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines†. Anticancer research 260, 253–259 Parker, J.B. and Stivers, J.T. (2011) â€Å"Dynamics of Uracil and 5-Fluorouracil in DNA.† Biochemistry 50 (5), 612–7 Rang, H., Dale, M., Ritter, M., Flower, R., and Henderson, G.. (2012) â€Å"Anticancer Drugs†. in Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 7th edn. Elesevier, 676–677 Ulukaya, E., Acilan, C., and Yilmaz, Y. (2011) â€Å"Apoptosis: Why and How Does It Occur in Biology?†. Cell biochemistry and function 29 (6), 468–80 Wu, Y., Tibrewal, N., and Birge, R.B. (2006) â€Å"Phosphatidylserine Recognition by Phagocytes: A View to a Kill.† Trends in cell biology 16 (4), 189–97 Appendix Table 1: Table showing mean fluorescence for each sample where 1.00 represents the negative control, 2.00 represents the positive control, 3.00 the untreated sample, 4.00 the sample treated with cisplatin, 5.00 with 5-fluorouracil N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound 1.00 3 144.3333 11.93035 6.88799 114.6967 173.9700 136.00 158.00 2.00 3 1866.6667 32.65476 18.85323 1785.5477 1947.7856 1836.00 1901.00 3.00 3 214.3333 10.59874 6.11919 188.0046 240.6621 203.00 224.00 4.00 3 864.0000 20.22375 11.67619 813.7614 914.2386 849.00 887.00 5.00 3 540.6667 51.93586 29.98518 411.6508 669.6825 484.00 586.00 Total 15 726.0000 647.67772 167.22967 367.3280 1084.6720 136.00 1901.00 Table 2 Descriptive statistics where 1.00 is the negative control, 2.00 is the positive control, 3.00 is the untreated sample, 4.00 is the sample treated with cisplatin and 5.00 is the sample treated with 5-fluorouracil. N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound 1.00 3 144.3333 11.93035 6.88799 114.6967 173.9700 136.00 158.00 2.00 3 1866.6667 32.65476 18.85323 1785.5477 1947.7856 1836.00 1901.00 3.00 3 214.3333 10.59874 6.11919 188.0046 240.6621 203.00 224.00 4.00 3 864.0000 20.22375 11.67619 813.7614 914.2386 849.00 887.00 5.00 3 540.6667 51.93586 29.98518 411.6508 669.6825 484.00 586.00 Total 15 726.0000 647.67772 167.22967 367.3280 1084.6720 136.00 1901.00 Table 3 ANOVA analysis carried out on the data Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 5863955.333 4 1465988.833 1655.612 .000 Within Groups 8854.667 10 885.467 Total 5872810.000 14 Table 4 Ad-hoc test Tukeys range tests and LSD showing statistical significance between groups. All differences between groups are statistically significant (p Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Fluorescence (I) Treatment (J) Treatment Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Tukey HSD 1.00 2.00 -1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1802.2945 -1642.3722 3.00 -70.00000 24.29632 .094 -149.9612 9.9612 4.00 -719.66667* 24.29632 .000 -799.6278 -639.7055 5.00 -396.33333* 24.29632 .000 -476.2945 -316.3722 2.00 1.00 1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 1642.3722 1802.2945 3.00 1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 1572.3722 1732.2945 4.00 1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 922.7055 1082.6278 5.00 1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 1246.0388 1405.9612 3.00 1.00 70.00000 24.29632 .094 -9.9612 149.9612 2.00 -1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1732.2945 -1572.3722 4.00 -649.66667* 24.29632 .000 -729.6278 -569.7055 5.00 -326.33333* 24.29632 .000 -406.2945 -246.3722 4.00 1.00 719.66667* 24.29632 .000 639.7055 799.6278 2.00 -1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 -1082.6278 -922.7055 3.00 649.66667* 24.29632 .000 569.7055 729.6278 5.00 323.33333* 24.29632 .000 243.3722 403.2945 5.00 1.00 396.33333* 24.29632 .000 316.3722 476.2945 2.00 -1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 -1405.9612 -1246.0388 3.00 326.33333* 24.29632 .000 246.3722 406.2945 4.00 -323.33333* 24.29632 .000 -403.2945 -243.3722 LSD 1.00 2.00 -1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1776.4689 -1668.1978 3.00 -70.00000* 24.29632 .016 -124.1356 -15.8644 4.00 -719.66667* 24.29632 .000 -773.8022 -665.5311 5.00 -396.33333* 24.29632 .000 -450.4689 -342.1978 2.00 1.00 1722.33333* 24.29632 .000 1668.1978 1776.4689 3.00 1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 1598.1978 1706.4689 4.00 1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 948.5311 1056.8022 5.00 1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 1271.8644 1380.1356 3.00 1.00 70.00000* 24.29632 .016 15.8644 124.1356 2.00 -1652.33333* 24.29632 .000 -1706.4689 -1598.1978 4.00 -649.66667* 24.29632 .000 -703.8022 -595.5311 5.00 -326.33333* 24.29632 .000 -380.4689 -272.1978 4.00 1.00 719.66667* 24.29632 .000 665.5311 773.8022 2.00 -1002.66667* 24.29632 .000 -1056.8022 -948.5311 3.00 649.66667* 24.29632 .000 595.5311 703.8022 5.00 323.33333* 24.29632 .000 269.1978 377.4689 5.00 1.00 396.33333* 24.29632 .000 342.1978 450.4689 2.00 -1326.00000* 24.29632 .000 -1380.1356 -1271.8644 3.00 326.33333* 24.29632 .000 272.1978 380.4689 4.00 -323.33333* 24.29632 .000 -377.4689 -269.1978 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Reflective essay: Stroke patient

Reflective essay: Stroke patient ASSIGNMENT FROM MOTHER NA A Reflective Essay on significant patient care event within a multidisciplinary setting. This will be a reflective analysis on a significant event that I have observed and experienced in clinical placements. A reflective model was not used, as it was too restrictive for the event being analysed, critiqued and discussed. My focus on this assignment is on assessment on a stroke patient and prevention of pressure ulcers. This was my first experience to nurse a stroke patient and therefore was very interested to know about the disease and how to make an assessment on patients in this situation. All details that could identify any person, clinical placement or trust have been changed to protect confidentiality, in line with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct, Performance and Ethics (2008). Reflection is an active process of witnessing one’s own experience so that we can make an evaluation in order to make a decision. Reflection has its foundations in the discipline off learning and experience in a student (Jasper 2003).Jasper (2003) believes that we learn by doing, and realising what came of what we did. There are so many models of reflection however, these are not meant to use for an inflexible set of questions to be answered but to give a construction on how to go about a problem. While on placement I worked with one of the qualified staff on the ward and looked after a lady aged 84 years. Doris had suffered a stroke which developed to impaired swallowing and speech. She was admitted to the ward due to having an ischemic stroke. A stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain and categorised as ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke. This occurs when the blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked or burst. This results in the brain not getting the oxygen and nutrients that it needs and eventually starts to die (Feigin et al 2003). Because of this patients have a propensity to develop swallowing impairment or speech impairment. Ischemic stroke take place as a result of an impediment within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. The original circumstances for this type of obstruction are the development of fatty deposits lining the vessel walls. This condition is called atherosclerosis (Lopez et a l 2006). These fatty deposits can cause two types of obstruction that is cerebral thrombosis or cerebral embolism. In the case of an embolism, a clot breaks loose and enters the blood stream and eventually fails to pass when it reaches smaller brain capillaries. Irregular heartbeats known as atrial fibrillation is another cause for embolism which is likely to form a clot in the heart and later dislodge and travel to the brain (Feigin et al 2003). The National Audit office (2005) report shows that 130,000 of United Kingdom population suffer a Transient ischemic attack (TIA) every year, of which half of the figure the stroke occurs in the people aged above 75yrs, however stroke do happen in all ages (Kwan 2001). Saka et al (2009) explains that the UK economy has to account for  £9 billion per year to cover the costs of stroke related diseases including its management and therefore causing a burden on the economy. Because of the muscle weakness due to a stroke, there’s loose o f control on the bladder sphincter causing incontinence. In addition statistics show that 63% of the population who are hospitalised develop pressure sores over the last 10 years. The figure includes the elderly and patients who have suffered a stroke. Communication was another issue; Doris could not communicate well due to the dysphasia which developed after the stroke and sadly no one in the family or friend had escorted Doris to hospital for health care staff to obtain her past history on admission. Taking a medical history is good practice as it allows health care staff to apply effective assessment which will meet the patient’s needs. It is through effective communication that effective assessment will be implemented. There are other approaches in communication, for example The â€Å"VERA† framework (validation, Emotion, reassure and activity) suggested in a study that it enabled student nurses to counter to elderly patients whose communication and behaviour proved to be difficult. These frameworks give choices to healthcare staff a set of principles to guide them with communication while providing any medical intervention. Childs, Coles and Marjoram (2009) state that the inability to communicate to others cause anxiety and fear. While Happ (2000 cited in Childs et al 2009) think that people who are unable to talk or communicate are â€Å"voiceless† and therefore it increase powerless and isolation in patients. Buckman (2000) emphasised that ‘ effective symptom management is imporsible without effective communication’. . Assessment is a process that involves collecting and organising information and acknowledged as an on-going process associated with the other nursing stages of the nursing process (Thomson and Mathias 2000). Brooker and Waugh (2007) state that decision making and judgement is usually based on information collected. The data is then used to identify the patients nursing problems on the base of need, which hopefully is brought out or recognised assessment (Thompson and Mathias 2000). Timby (2001) identifies two types of assessment a data base assessment and a focus assessment. The data assessment is the initial information about the patients physical, emotional, social and spiritual health, is lengthily and comprehensive. Database information is obtained during the admission interview and on carrying out physical examination. Field and Smith (2008) demonstrate the importance of person-centred assessment and also the need of multi-agency involvement. An observation was made that all t hese areas were met. Although each discipline had achieved assessment in a different way, they are valued for the assessment they will contribute to patient care. Brooker and Waugh (2007) feel that including integrated care pathways in patients care plan is good. This is a single document of which all the multidisciplinary team are able to record their care. To achieve good patient assessment, there is need to collect information from the past medical history and this will allow care to flow with one another. During the ward round a consultant had suggested that an indwelling catheter was to be inserted for easy flow of urine and to prevent the development of pressure sores. It was when the nurse advised that the catheterisation was to be done after all other works has been done on the ward because she had to carry out an aseptic procedure. Whilst on other placement this observation was not done instead catheterisation was carried out as a clean procedure. This prompted me to question, should all health care settings observe catheterisation as an aseptic technique procedure and when do health care staff identify the need of inserting a catheter. This issue has been brought to light by numerous guidelines and theories that have been published relating to and concerning infection control by the Department of Health. Although it is clear that Doris was vulnerable and likely to develop pressure ulcers, was it really necessary to insert a catheter? All parts of the multidisciplinary team carin g for the patients need to have an understanding of each other’s role, to achieve effective care through collaboration and decision making, but some nurses feel disempowered by more senior staff, for example; doctors; consultants, due to intimidation and hierarchy of roles and so can affect the influence nurses have on the decision making process (Coombs 2003). Nurses may come into conflict when collaboratively making decisions with the multidisciplinary team and patients as their personal and professional values may vary. A study suggests that catheter insertion has a potential off introducing micro-organisms into the bladder (Barford and Coates, 2009). In another study, Pratt et al, (2007) mentions that catheterization should be treated as a skilled aseptic procedure to be carried out by trained and qualified staff in order to reduce infection. Health associated infections are acquired while patients are receiving treatment in a care setting and can prolong hospital stay. These infections include any infection obtained as a result of healthcare whilst in hospital or other healthcare settings and can have an effect on both patients and all aspects of the multidisciplinary team, in addition teamwork means everyone has to be involved in the patient care (Nicholson et al 2010). . The Department of health (2006c) released a broad document which includes the generated acute hospital waste and the community practitioners. What is not known is whether the patient acquired the infection in hospital or not. T he patients’ age matters as infection risk increase in the elderly and young people. Patients whose nutritional status as in the case of Doris affects the ability of the body to fight infection and therefore a broad risk assessment is required (Horton and Parker 2002). Grandies et al., (2003 cited in Field and Smith2008) clarifies that in any assessment, the age, nutrition status, circulatory status, mobility, dependence level and mental awareness are to be taken into account. Patients need to be critically assessed for possibilities of developing pressure sores as the cost is huge to both the organisation looking after the patient and the patient herself. Health care staff needs to identify the existing risk factors already presenting on the patient which may lead to developing pressure sores. Iggulden et al (2009) describes pressure sores as damage to the skin and the underlying tissues caused by shearing, friction and moisture while Bick and Stephen in another study say that physical, and psychological well being including the environment is a factor causing pressure Sores. Mallet and Dougherty (2004) add on to mention that the extent of these ulcers if not properly treated may lead to damage of the involving muscles, tendons and the bone. Skin integrity is important in this situation. Due to illness arterial blood pressure may drop causing obstruction of circulation to the skin and therefore an ulcer will develop. It is clear that Doris was vulnerable and likely to develop pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers are developed when patients sit or lie in one position for a long time. â€Å"The essence of care toolkit for clinical practice benchmarking has pressure ulcer prevention (department of health 2003). The water low score and Braden (cited in Bergstrom et al 1987) are good toolkits for assessing patients at the risk of pressure sores. However the NICE (2005) guide line instructs nurses not to rely on them alone. Doris’ water low score indicated she was at a risk of developing pressure sores. This was because her mobility and nutrition status were affected after the stroke. There is evidence in study that females are more vulnerable to pressure sores that male. This is because anatomically males are more muscular than females. It is the nurse’s responsibility to ensure patients receive optimal nutrition and good hydration while in hospital. In another study statistics show that 63 % of elderly patients with stroke develop pressure sores due to poor mobility and nutrition in the last 10 years. Doris was at higher risk to develop as she typically lost muscle and subcutaneous tissue due to poor nutrition following her difficulties to swallow, poor nutritional status also makes her more vulnerable. Ongoing assessment at this time is crucial as it will trigger on all the possible barriers of poor nutrition and hydration on patients who require help in feeding and drinking (NHS Choices2010). Nutrition and hydration are important in health but in illness there are certain considerations that have to look into because the body needs nutrients in order to recover mostly in wound healing including preventing infections (Royal collage of Nursing (RCN) 2009). The RCN (2009) clarifies that poor nutrition and hydration is a threat to patients who have suffered stroke as this may cause delayed discharge and other complications like low blood pressure and electrolyte imbalan ce which are likely to cause poor circulation and allow a patient to develop pressure sores. Nutrition and good hydration is fundamental in nursing to promote quick recovery and wound healing. However there are patient’s factor which may affect their nutrition and hydration such as stroke which possibly will reduce their independence to eat freely. According to (Green 2011) by improving patients nutrition and dehydration the patients skin and well being will be promoted and this can be achieved through delegation to healthcare assistants to help with feeding at meal times with nurses ensuring proper meals have been given to patients’ e.g. soft meal, puree, low fat or residue meal which are required for patients with dysphasia or digestive problems in line to prevent pressure sores. All patients are prone to develop pressure sores but the emphasis is on the elderly because basic factors are related to immobility, age and illness .Pressure ulcers are preventable if proper nursing measures are carried out. NICE (2001) guidelines state that all patients likely to develop pressure sores are to be on a pressure relive mattress while in hospital. Therefore a decision was made that Doris needed a pressure relief airflow mattress as her score was high. Evidence based practice is essential in nursing, it has the potential to develop and increase patient care outcomes as it will enable nurses to evaluate and deliver care according to patients needs. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) advocate that nurses should make care of people their first concern. Therefore a broad medical history taking form the patient becomes essential so that an accurate diagnosis can be made for the patient to receive optimal care and treatment (Kale 2001). Nurses have a propensity of commu nicating with patients during intimate intervention and it’s during this time that individuals are likely to speak freely which is why Doris’s mode of communication has to be identified through the speech and language team in order to support her. The need for nurses to know their patients better and understand their problems and specific needs becomes fundamental. Nurses may come into conflict when collaboratively making decisions with the multidisciplinary team and patients as their personal and professional values may vary if proper history was not taken. Lloyd and Craig (2007) suggest that although history taking is the cornerstone of assessment in patients, nurses are sometimes not at ease with taking patients history. History taking is not focused on identifying patients’ signs and symptoms of the illness but to involve the whole person in a holistic way which will help the health care staff to plan and evaluate patients’ care (Department of Health 2001). There is need for nurses to develop their history taking skills as this will allow them to acknowledge social, medical psychological and biographical domains of the patient. Fischer (1995) feels that doctors â€Å"make a history â€Å"instead of â€Å"take history† this process becomes complete when both patient and doctor are both satisfied on the causative problem. However Gask and Usher wood (2002) in the article emphasises that successful history taking is based on skilled and patient -centred communication that a therapeutic relationship will begin betw een nurse and patient. It is through this therapeutic relationship between the patient and the nurse that they will work together to make a collaborative decision and address the problem. Therefore health care staff must act as a patient advocate to protect and respect their dignity. Palliative care is in any illness which is progressive and incurable, therefore there is need for the multidisciplinary team to work together and provide a high- quality end of life stroke care. Although there is evidence that Doris is likely to develop pressure sores catheterisation could not be a solution at this point. The department of health (2003) aim to reduce the risks of health associated infection and indwelling catheters are among the common cause of invasive medical devices used in health care settings and, consequently, are a frequent cause of Health Care Associated Infections. Other than affecting patients, HCAI is also having negative burden on the National Health Service (NHS). Patients like Doris are more prone to infection due to that the body mechanism to fight infection is already compromised. Catheter acquire infection can be very distressful to patients and prolong hospital stay. The possibility of Doris going into palliative care is obvious and therefore there is need to plan for it in her care plan or discharge plan. In this reflection it is noticed on admission that Doris is alone. Loneliness has an impact on elderly people. In a campaign to end loneliness research shows that many people have no peers or friends. It is through the general practitioners and district nurses that support to these people can be offered, all decisions made in the multidisciplinary context have to involve the patients’ family (NHSQIS and the University of Glasgow 2010). All parts of the multidisciplinary team caring for the patients need to have an understanding of each other’s role, in order to make a collaborative decision. In conclusion, while reflecting and making recommendations for different ways of approach on situation in practice, holistic assessment followed by full history taking to allow care to flow should be a priority followed by improving nutrition and hydration in very ill patients. Cauterisation could be a last option in order to prevent pressure sores as there other options to do this. The risks that patients who are immune compromise may be exposed to other infections and how it can be avoided needs to be addressed and it is a constant effort, but is fundamental by all areas of the multidisciplinary team, organisations to reduce rates of infection more and to continue at a lower rate. To improve patient safety and continuum care it is necessary for health care professionals to reflect on nutrition and hydration status of the patient to promote good skin integrity and prevent pressure sores. For reflection to occur, health care professionals need to be aware of the implications that pre ssure sores can have on patients and the importance of education from policies and to comply with relevant procedures.

The Sun Also Rises :: essays research papers

The Sun Also Rises [I cannot express to you how glad I am that I am taking this class. I am thoroughly enjoying Hemingway. The Sun Also Rises is one of the best books I've read in quite a long time. For a while there, I was, for God knows what reason, taking Physics and Chemistry and Biology. It is really an adventure to be back with books and words and reading. I am also amazed that I never could read more of Him when it wasn't an assignment. And how is it that when I am told to write "a 3-5 page essay" I can only come through with two-and-a-half, but a "one-page response" always wants to be twenty pages long?] I finished reading SAR around ten o'clock tonight. I could have taken it all in one big gulp when I began a week ago, but I couldn't do that. It wanted me to bring it out slowly, so I often found myself reading five or ten pages and laying it aside to absorb without engulfing. A man gets used to reading Star Wars and pulp fiction and New York Times Bestsellers and forgets what literature is until it slaps him in the face. This book was written, not churned out or word-processed. Again, I thoroughly enjoyed reading. I never noticed it until it was brought up in class, maybe because it wasn't a point for me in In Our Time, but He doesn't often enough credit quotations with, ",he said," or, ",said Brett," or, ",Bill replied." In SAR it stood and called attention to itself. I wasn't particularly bothered by His not telling me who said what, but it was very...pointed. I first noticed around the hundredth page or so. Then I realized I couldn't keep track of who was speaking. By not dwelling on it, though, sort of (hate to say this) accepting it, I managed to assign speech to whomever I felt was speaking. Gradually I came to enjoy it, in another plane of reading, figuring out from whom words were originating. To not notice it, as if it were one of those annoying 3-D posters that you can't see until you make a concerted effort not to try and see, became simple - much like those 3-D pictures are once you know what not to look for. (I abhor ending sentences with prepositions...) His not telling was heightening to the story. It made things come even more alive. As a conversation that you're hearing at a nearby table in a restaurant, the exchanges flowed, with me as a more passive reader than in a story written to be read

I Write to Impress, Expose, and Inspire :: Writing Composition

I Write to Impress, Expose, and Inspire I'll just say it, "I like myself." I shake hands with just about every "part" of who I am. I have an admirable supply of self-esteem and I...well,...I show it off. I'll say this, "I'm a pretty decent writer." Of course, that's my own opinion, but I'm modest. I don't think I'm as good as "they" get, nor do I think that I'm as good as I can get. I like manipulating words so that they are comprehended at face-value and understood at a deeper value. I like to be enthusiastic when I write, and I like to project this to the reader. Am I doing that yet, you lovely reader, you? I like who I am, I like to hear myself talk, and I think I speak well. When rereading my introductory paper for this class, I smiled as I remembered typing it the night before it was due. I could tell that I wrote it, and that I had a bit of fun doing so. I used quotation marks around sarcastic, or pun-ny phrases. I used contractions and slang to sound more like "me" than anyone else. I had a flowing, conversational style, as Lanham might put it, with a catchy first sentence and a smile-producing conclusion. I admit that there's obvious theme paper influence within it: I have a definite intro, 4 paragraphs of "discussion," and a predictable conclusion; but I didn't let my creativity sit in the corner. I based my information on my own life, my own experiences, and my own darn opinion. I didn't look in a book for anything for that paper, and yet, it's believable. I think that there is definite magic within words and their organization on a page or in the air. While I think that I'm in control of what I say and what I mean when I say it, I can look back at something I've written and see a different, maybe deeper, meaning. In my intro paper, I can see the frustration about which I write, within the style of my writing. I get excited and poetic when I write about going to school forever to fill those barren 2/3rds of my brain, and when I write about how I'm beginning to know what I want. On the other hand, my writing "slows" in a sort of literary sigh when I write about my lack of dollars and the ambiguous future.

My Most Successful Moment to Date Essay

Through all my years of high school I was homeschooled. This was due to the fact that my mom was taking care of my grandparents in Florida, at the time we lived in North Carolina, and my dad traveled for work; therefore, there was no body to take us to school. Online school became the only option in that situation. As a way of staying busy and getting out of the house I always worked odd jobs that would hire me at the age of 15. In 10th grade, I was working a full time nannying job with four children, three dogs, one cat, a traveling dad, and an insanely fabulous, motivated mom. My main priority and attention was spent to insure the care of their six month old daughter, Jemma. She was, among many other jobs I had in the house, my most important and likeable responsibility. She was a very intelligent toddler, with a lot of attitude and charisma. She had blonde straight hair with a single curl at the very bottom and big brown eyes. Feeding her was never an issue, as to say she ate anything and everything you put in front of her, which would explain the fact that her rolls had rolls. She loved going on long walks, the family pets and anything with bright colors. She was also very easy going. As a very young baby she never cried or made any real noises at all. By the time Jemma had turned one she had made no attempts to talk. Due to our concern of her lack of speech, Jemma’s mom, Michelle, and I decided to teach her an alternative way of communicating until she learned to talk. It didn’t take very long for us to come up with an idea. Now a days there are a couple alternative speeches being taught to babies no matter what their speech predicament is. Since I was fluent in sign language and it seemed the most practical we agreed to give it a try. I got to work immediately teaching her as much as her mind could absorb each day. I made flash cards, bought books, and even downloaded some apps on my phone to help her progress along. Within a weeks time Jemma signed her very first word, â€Å"bottle†. Read more: Essay About  Proudest Moment To no one surprise though, of course, because we all knew this is what was always on her mind! What seems  like a small accomplishment, if you’ll even recognize it at that, meant so much to me. The sense of pride and accomplish I felt in that very moment was overwhelming. Because of my hard work and dedication this beautiful child could now start tell us what she needed. The progress only continued and the excitement continued to rise every day. It was amazing this small, plump, happy, little baby could comprehend so much so quickly; moreover, the fact of how focused and eager she was for every lesson. In just a few short months, Jemma had learned almost everything I had to teach her. It got to the point where I had to look and keep up with her instead of the other way around and boy, did she made sure we â€Å"listened† to every last word she had to sign. Like a cat she would sit there and just grab at you continuously until she felt that she had your full attention to look and see what she had to say. The feeling of pride and success I had in those few short months of Jemma’s constant improvement, is one I’ll never forget. At the age of 15.5, a young child myself, I had given a child the gift of communication. Though many could have done exactly what I did and probably even better than I; it’s something that I single-handedly completed, happily. That feeling is one no one can ever take away from me, but also one that cannot be mimic or reproduced again to the same level. To this day, I have seldom done anything that, in my eye, is so meaningful that I have had the privilege of enjoying that same exact feeling of self-importance and success, as I felt teaching Jemma sign language.

Harry Potter Essay

There are so many things one has to do to be considered a hero. For instance, the stereotypical hero is strong, handsome, and does something spectacular like saving someone’s life or a scientific breakthrough. However, not all heroes have to have these traits. Harry Potter is not a stereotypical hero by any means. He isn’t strong, or handsome, but he is very much a hero. Many heroes’ lives follow a pattern. As a hero, Harry Potter follows the same cycle. In the beginning, Harry Potter is living with his Aunt, Uncle, and cousin, the Dursley’s. He soon finds out that he is eligible to go to Hogwarts. The School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He accepts the invitation after much confrontation with his Uncle about the subject, and a little help from his friend, Hagrid, a fellow wizard. He then finds out about how he got the â€Å"z† shaped scar on his forehead. Voldemort, the most powerful dark magic wizard, gave it to Harry Potter after killing his parents. Once Harry Potter arrived at the school, Voldemort began to wreck havoc on the school and this is where Harry Potter’s journey begins. Harry Potter undergoes so many challenges, some more important than others. One miniscule challenge for him is to get accustom to magic and learning and remembering many spells that will come in hand later. He was somewhat isolated from the rest of the wizards and witches since it’s his first year at Hogwarts, but he befriends Ron Weasley and Hermoine Granger. Along the way they definitely help him in his quest. After spending so much time with Hagrid, Harry finds out that Nicholas Flamel is the maker of the sorcerer’s stone, which gives people unlimited life. Harry originally thought that Severus Snape, the defense against the dark arts teacher, was after the stone. He then finds out that Voldemort is after that stone and is very weak and needs that stone so he can live forever and fulfill his dream of taking over the wizarding world. Harry Potter’s final test was when Hermione, Ron, and he, had to maneuver their way past fluffy, the three- headed, giant dog, catch a snitch (a golden ball used in the game of quidditch), and play a life- sized game of chess to reach the chamber which held the sorcerer’s stone. Once he reached the chamber, he found Professor Quirrell trying to steal the sorcerer’s stone because he is possessed by Voldemort. Harry then fought Voldemort, retrieved the stone, and destroyed it, along with Voldemort. When Harry woke up he realized he was in the hospital , and Dumbledore, the headmaster, was there to congratulate and thak him for stopping Voldemort, and revealed to him that he was prone to Voldemort’s deadly spells because his mother sacrificed herself for Harry when he was a child which put a protective shield around Harry. Once back to health, Harry was proclaimed a hero by all. In conclusion, heroes come in all shapes and sizes. It’s not all about looks, money, and possessions. It’s about what they did to become a real hero. Many still believe that stereotypes will always be right and that’s the only way you can be a hero, but even then, people still have different opinions on who is good-looking, or how much money you have to have to be considered rich.

Five key different functional activities Essay

Set out the main points of the contribution of five key different functional activities carried out in a selected business organisation towards its strategic aims and objectives. Human Resources Human Resources will be in charge of employing all new staff that the business need. However in order for this to work, Human Resources need to know what kind of staff they need how many. HR will also go through all the applications of the applicants; this will happen so they can narrow the amount of people to be interviewed down. They will narrow it down by seeing if the person can offer what the company requires. For Tesco’s this will be good communication skills, working with others and working alone, this is because Tesco want to know if the employee will be able to offer â€Å"customer service† at the standard of Tesco. If the employees do this then they will be able to achieve their aims and objectives of the business as they are â€Å"to treat all customers how they wanted to be treated† and to â€Å"try harder for customers then anyone else†. Marketing Marketing makes the audience aware that there is a specific product out there. However in order to market the product, the department have to know how much it is going to cost, how much it will roughly cost them, what size, colour and design will take form before marketing the product itself. Marketing will be via Radio, Television, Newspapers, Flyers, and Billboards etc. as these are the main forms of marketing a product. Tesco will Market via television and radio. They will put the adverts on television during times when many audiences would be watching, e.g. during the breaks of a Saturday night show. Tesco would put adverts on radio during rush hour time on the most listened to radio station to get more audiences. However the unique thing about the Tesco adverts is that they will give offers on products. By Tesco showing their products to the public via marketing by means of TV, radio etc. it will encourage people to come to Tesco’s to buy their products; this will consequently lead to more sales and more customer service – this means Tesco have used marketing to get to their overall aims and objectives, which is to â€Å"try harder for customer†. Customer Service For a business to get more customers they will need customer service at the highest quality; this means providing a quick and an effective service. Also customer service will include things such as having in depth knowledge about products and being able to sell them – describing the product(s) and its features well enough will help to get the customer interested. If you have sold the product to a certain customer and they come back saying it doesn’t work then you will have to give a customer service at the highest quality and give them a replacement while you fix theirs; this could mean resolving complaints quicker and effectively. For Tesco they would provide a quick, reliable and effective service to the customers as their mission statement is â€Å"to provide a life long loyalty to their customers†. If a customer brought a product from Tesco e.g. a DVD player and it didn’t work then Tesco will exchange / replace the customers’ product until theirs is fixed, or give them discount on another product that is similar. Tesco also have a 48 hour customer complaint line where by Tesco get back to the customer(s) within 48 hours of receiving the complaint. If they do this they are achieving their aims and objectives because their aims are to â€Å"try harder for customers† and â€Å"treat every customer how they want to be treated†. Finance The finance department has to spend its money wisely; and spend at the right time for the business, e.g. to make an investment. They must also manage the budget of the company to make sure they are not over spending, but spending the right amount all items. They must also make sure they prioritise which functional areas are the most in need of the money in order to move forward. In order for Tesco’s to achieve their aims and objectives finance wise, they must make sure they are keeping track of the money used and to see if they are able to give discounts to their loyal customers. This way they can offer customers discounts on certain items or send them vouchers for certain things – they can only do this by looking into their club card for what kind of items they buy on a regular basis and then give them discount on that. Also the Tesco finance team have been able to dig out some money to buy vans for home delivery. This way customers will be able to get products from the Tesco website and get it delivered to their doorstep, this way Tesco are achieving their aims and objectives because they are trying harder for the customer. Sales The sales team would sell the product(s) on sale. The more sales staff they employ the more chances of selling more products becomes more possible. However it is important to have the opening times longer during the day; (early start, late finish). The sales team may also have a website to sell their products and also give more information to the customers; in most cases internet sales are cheaper then buying them in the store. Tesco have an internet website; however you have to be a member, this way Tesco will get more customers. In Tesco stores that are all â€Å"Tesco Extra†, they will be open for 24 hours a day. They have people in certain areas of the supermarket that specialise in certain things, such as technology and mobile phones and they will have their own departments; where as someone else might be working with another person that specialise in the same thing which may be fruit and veg; and they would have their departments as well. Therefore if customers want something in particular they can go the department area; this way Tesco are able to sell their products to customers easily. Tesco also have many tills and self scanning services to achieve their aims and objectives; this is because customers will come in and be able to shop and take their products home quickly and easily, this way Tesco will be achieving their aims and objectives because they are â€Å"trying harder for customer† by making it easier for them to go certain areas of the supermarket and paying for the item e.g. electronics department / self scanning machines / tills.

Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile Delinquency 1 Juvenile Delinquency: Features, Causes and Solutions Shen Cheng Class: 110 Teacher: Stephanie February 29, 2012 Juvenile Delinquency 2 Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Nowadays, there is no denying that Juvenile Delinquency has become one of the hottest social issues. The features, causes, and solutions of Juvenile Delinquency will be discussed about in this research. II. The features of Juvenile Delinquency A. The average age of juveniles who commit crimes tends to be lower B. Knowledge level of the juvenile offenders is low C. Juvenile offenders get involved in sinister gangs and tend to be in groups.D. Juvenile delinquency is prone to be more violent. E. Criminal means of juvenile offenders are more mature. F. Juvenile delinquency is occasional and at random III. The causes of Juvenile Delinquency A. Social factors. B. Family factors C. School factors D. Individual factors IV. The solutions to Juvenile Delinquency A. Prevention from individual B. Pr evention from family C. Prevention from school Juvenile Delinquency 3 D. Prevention from society E. Prevention from justice V. Conclusion Juvenile Delinquency 4 Abstract With the development of economics and the improvement of society, the rate of juvenile delinquency is at a high level.Juvenile delinquency has already been a very hot social issue nowadays. The causes of juvenile delinquency have been summarized in this research, such as personal? family? school and society factors; what features juvenile delinquency have and how we can control the delinquency effectively so that the youths can grow up healthily have also been discussed in this research. Keywords: juvenile delinquency, causes, features, control. Juvenile Delinquency 5 Juvenile Delinquency In recent years, juvenile delinquency has been a prominent social issue and attracted the attention of the whole society at the same time.Experts, scholars and volunteers who are enthusiastic about the prevention of juvenile delinq uency have come up with a lot of insightful ideas about how to control juvenile crimes. However, it’s still not that effective to decrease the high rate of juvenile delinquents. According to statistics, not only did the number of juvenile delinquency increase, but also the types of juvenile delinquency have become varied. Juvenile delinquency occupies the highest proportion of all crimes. It accounts for more than 70% of the total.The percentage of juvenile (under 15 years old) committing crimes accounts for more than 70% of the juvenile criminal cases (Bang. 2004). Today, the juvenile crime has been regarded as the world's third largest public nuisance. Juvenile delinquency not only endangers public security, but also affects a country's stability. Therefore, how to prevent and control juvenile delinquency effectively has become an essential task of the whole human society. To solve this problem, we must know about the characteristics and causes of juvenile delinquency so th at we can find appropriate methods to solve this problem effectively.The features of Juvenile Delinquency 1. The average age of juveniles who commit crimes tends to be lower. A few years ago, the average age of juveniles committing crime was still older than 17, but now the average age is only about 15. 7 years (Gao. 2010). Juvenile Delinquency 6 2. The education level of the juvenile offenders is low Most juvenile offenders have a low education level and some of them are even illiterate. Lack of education makes them have wrong values and attitude towards life, which causes them to commit crime at last. Lack of education is a major feature of juvenile delinquency. . Juvenile offenders get involved in sinister gangs and tend to be in groups. On the one hand, young people are short of adequate physical strength, intelligence, courage and experience. That’s why committing crimes individually is often difficult to succeed.They are more likely to commit crimes together with other members. On the other hand, young people are much eager to get what they can’t have both in schools and families. Then some idle people take advantage of them and divide them into small groups which usually form the predecessor of criminal gangs (Abruzzese. 1997). . Juvenile delinquency is prone to be more violent. According to statistics, property crime is the main type of juvenile delinquency. The top five crimes are: robbery, rape, theft, intentional injury causing death, and murder. The young offenders nowadays use more cruel criminal means to achieve their objectives than before (McNeece. & Roberts. 1997)5. Criminal means of juvenile offenders are more mature. Modus operandi of juvenile offenders inclines towards being more â€Å"mature. † Juvenile crimes in the past were mostly along with less criminal circumstances than Juvenile Delinquency 7 oday. In recent years, young offenders would prefer rigorous plans and clear division of who does what in their crimina l behaviors. Today, young offenders seem to have a clear understanding of what they are doing, and some are even experienced in committing crimes (Li. 2007). 6. Juvenile delinquency is occasional and at random As young people are immature in both mental and physical growth, it’s common to see that they have frequent emotional fluctuations. Failing to understand things right and objectively and strong desires to monopolize make them easy to go on extreme ways.They would take some crazy actions on the spur of the moment which may harm other innocent people badly. The causes 1. Social factors. The social reality scenes are corrupting young people’s innocent hearts. Juveniles can’t live without a colorful world which also is full of various temptations. It’s inevitable that disharmonious and evil phenomena exist along with the rapid development of economics and spiritual civilization. First, numerous students graduated from colleges can’t find a job, w hich made bad impacts on young people’s motivation to study, even worse they may be against or give up learning.High unemployment rate causes that a lot of adolescents to have nothing to do. Going on in this way, these young dawdlers would have tendency to commit crimes. Second, films, televisions and the internet can spread unhealthy things, like violence, Juvenile Delinquency 8 obscenity and so forth. For example, there was a kidnapping case which happened five years ago, the criminal suspect Zhenghong Lin(20 years old) and Cai Jiang(19 years old) watched a famous Hong Kong drama â€Å"You can’t be an abscond forever† and then imitated the way how to kidnap in the drama.They abducted their friend’s father Mr Wu , a mine owner , for RMB 60,0000 (Yu. 2010). Third, the obvious wealth gap and the wrong value â€Å"money is supreme† actually influence youths. Fourth, theft? robbery? pornography? gambling? fighting and other criminal cases which happen in our community have also influenced juveniles directly. 2. Family factors. Undesirable family education and indifferent family environment can result in irreversible harm to juveniles. The family is the first class of young people; parents are the first teachers. A proper family education is extremely important for youths to grow healthily.Incorrect home education will cause serious psychological blocks to adolescents and then they will finally form a wrong view of life. First, parental discord, divorce, frequent quarrels, offensive words and destructive behavior will lead to mental harm to juveniles; second, family’s financial problems will limit the child’s pocket money and also make him feel inferior in front of other children who have wealthy families. Hence, some children will get what they want in an extreme way, like stealing and mugging. Third, the methods of parental education are violent and crude.Some parents either scold or beat their children when they make mistakes indeliberately or they fail exams. This heavy stress will definitely cause mental Juvenile Delinquency 9 problems to those immature adolescents; fourth, some parents’ behaviors are out of order, like fooling around, gambling and excessive drinking, which will affect the juveniles’ world view badly; fifth, some parents spoil children and ignore the ideological and moral education, which will make these spoiled young people hard to accept by the society and eventually do something wrongful.If one person grows up in those inappropriate environments, his loneliness, low self-esteem, resentment and arrogance can easily be exploited by bad guys and he will commit crimes eventually. 3. School factors On the one hand, some middle and high schools are not capable of offering overall education. Those schools pay too much attention on academic records so that they ignore legal and mental education to juveniles, especially in some remote rural places. On the other ha nd, some irresponsible teachers who have low qualities often insult students and abuse corporal punishment.These extremely excessive actions will hurt innocent juveniles seriously since they are not mature enough to react and protect themselves correctly. These reasons also contribute to increasing delinquency rate because of youths’ resentment to school, even the society (Galaway. 1995) 4. Individual factors Young people are at the immature stage, both physically and mentally. Their ability to distinguish between right and wrong is not good enough and self-control is weak. Besides, they are also not capable of avoiding external temptations.What’s more, juveniles behave impulsively and have strong ability to imitate. Juvenile Delinquency 10 That’s why youths will be easily tempted to commit the crime. The solutions to Juvenile Delinquency In order to prevent and control juvenile delinquency validly, the society, families and schools should take the responsibilit y and find efficient measures to help the young generation grow healthily. 1. Prevention from individual Even though young people are mentally and physically immature, they still have to handle problems and distinguish what is right or wrong.Families and school teachers should train them to comply with the law and ethics, establish a correct outlook on life, enhance the ability to protect themselves and resist the temptation of criminal behaviors consciously. 2. Prevention from family The family is the cornerstone to control juvenile delinquency, which plays an absolutely significant role in the entire education system. Adolescents’ parents should take the initiative to absorb all kinds of knowledge first, such as legal knowledge, moral knowledge and things about how to educate children well.Only keep this way can parents be qualified to guide and influence their children properly. What’s more, parents neither have to spoil their children nor push so much pressure to a dolescents. Instead, parents should also pay attention on children’s moral education, not just on the academic achievements. 3. Prevention from school Juvenile Delinquency 11 It’s impossible for youngsters to grow healthily without school. More legal education should be provided by school. The youngsters must be taught to communicate with parents and teachers when facing unlawful attacks.Necessary skills to avoid dangers are also essential. In addition, teachers have to respect juveniles, care about them and give assistance when they need. Scolding and corporal punishment must be forbidden at school. 4. Prevention from society Building a favorable social environment for young people to grow healthily is one of the most important tasks in our society. Government shoulders the responsibility to create more job opportunities for youths, reduce the unemployment rate of young people and minimize the effects of eroticism and violence on youngsters.Besides, media should promo te more affirmative things, because positive publicity is helpful for juveniles to establish positive life attitudes (Gao. 2010). 5. Prevention from justice Improvement of legislation is a critical method to prevent juvenile delinquency. The government should consummate the legal system to protect young people’s rights and make all people realize that there would be a serious consequence if someone wanted to hurt the youths or tempted them to go the wrong ways (Kang. 2008). Conclusion Consequently, young people are the future of a nation. Whether they can grow healthily matters most to a nation’s destiny.After analyzing the features and causes of Juvenile Delinquency 12 juvenile delinquency, we find that it’s an arduous and pressing work to control juvenile delinquency effectively. Hence, we should gather all useful methods which come from family, school and society to create an ideal environment for youths to grow healthily and keep away from committing crimes. Juvenile Delinquency 13 References Abruzzese, G. (1997). Juvenile Crime: Approaching the Millennium. Journal of Delinquency now, 1 (5):23-25 Bang, H. (2004). Criminal Psychology. Beijing: Science Press Galaway, B. , et al. (1995).Specialized foster family care for delinquent youth. Federal Probation 59 (30): 19-27. Gao, L. (2010). How to build defense system of Juvenile Delinquency. Beijing: Modern Communication. Kang,S. (2008). Ten Years’ Research of Juvenile Delinquency. Chongqing: Chongqing Publishers. Li, S. (2007). Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency’s Causes and Characteristics. Beijing: Peking University Publishers. McNeece, C. , & Roberts, A. (1997). Policy & Practice in the Justice System. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers. Yu, X. (2010). How to suppress factor of unhealthy culture’s effects to Juvenile. Beijing: RUC Publishers. .